格低廉，抗中毒性能好，并且具有高的化学稳定性（这取决于制备过程条件）Instead, research into enhancing metal oxides and their conversion to standards that are similar to those of noble metals would be highly interesting, since metal oxides present lower price, better resistance to poisoning and also, depending on the process conditions, higher thermal stability [6].
Among the oxides of non-noble metals, those of cerium are amongst the most promising catalysts. 在非贵金属氧化物中，氧化铈是最具有前景的催化剂。Ceria is a well-known oxide of a rare-earth element which has a suitable combination of physical and chemical characteristics. 氧化铈是广为人知的稀土元素氧化物，其物理和化学特性的组合是恰当的。Thus, ceria has shown reasonable activity in the total oxidation of a range of volatile organic compounds and, in some cases, such as in the combustion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [7], have demonstrated to be highly active. 因此在一系列挥发性有机化合物的完全氧化反应中，氧化铈表现出合理的活性。并且在一些情况下，比如多环芳香烃催化燃烧反应中，表现出很高的活性。However, the elimination of propane by total oxidation has not provided optimal performance using conventionally prepared ceria [8].但是常规方法制备的氧化铈在完全氧化丙烷反应中没有达到最适宜的性能。
The main positive features of ceria to be used as a catalyst are its high oxygen storage capacity (OSC) and its redox properties. 氧化铈用于催化剂主要的积极的特征是它具有高的储氧能力和氧化还原性能。On the other hand, copper oxide is a versatile catalyst which is active for a range of reactions [9–12], showing interesting results for the total oxidation of several VOCs [13]. 另一方面，氧化铜是一种多用途的催化剂，对一系列反应都有活性，对几种VOC完全氧化都表现出有趣的结果。Interestingly, the addition of copper to ceria has been reported to increase the OSC due to the formation of structural defects [14] and consequently substantial increases of the catalytic activity have been observed in a range of reactions. 有趣
的是，有文献报道将铜加入到氧化铈中由于形成结构缺陷所以可以提高储氧容量。进而会在一系列反应中都会提高催化活性。Thus, Cu-Ce-O based catalysts have shown high efficiency in the preferential oxidation of CO [15,16] and in the total oxidation of different types of VOCs such as alkanes [17–19], aromatics [20,21] and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [22,23]. 这样，Cu-Ce-O基催化剂在一氧化碳优先氧化中表现出高效率，而且它在不同类型VOC（烷烃、芳香烃和多环芳烃）氧化中表现出高的催化效率。 In this paper, we describe the preparation of ceria and CuO-CeO2 catalysts using different methods, with the objective of producing materials with optimal catalytic performances in the catalytic elimination of propane by total oxidation. 本文描述了用不同方法制备氧化铈和铜铈催化剂的制备过程，目的在于制备出具有最优性能的催化剂用于丙烷完全氧化反应中。The effect of the CuO-loading as well as the influence of the preparation method on the catalytic performance has been studied. 研究氧化铜负载量和制备方法对催化性能的影响。Three different methods have been employed to prepare the catalysts: (i) using urea as a soft template; (ii) using an activated carbon催化剂制备采用三种方法：1用尿素作为软模板2使用介孔结构的活性炭(CMK-3)为硬模板；3 用PMMA为软模板。使用这些不同模板的用意是扩张氧化铈衍生材料的结构，这样会增加最终催化剂的比表面积并且相应的增加活性位的数量。
with a mesoporous structure (CMK-3) as a hard template; and (iii) using a polymer (PMMA) as a soft template. The use of the different templates has as a main purpose the expansion of the structure of the ceria derived material, thus increasing the surface area of the final catalysts and therefore the number of active catalytic sites.
Energy conversion and energy storage are becoming more and more important in today’s society due to the increased demand for stationary and mobile power. 由于现代社会对静态电源和移动电源的需求量越来越大，能量转化与储存也变得越来越重要In particular, electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices using battery technologies have recently attracted attention worldwide in terms of technology development and commercialization.特别是，使用电池技术的电化学能转化与储存设备近来在世界范围内引起了重视，主要集中在它在技术开发和商业化方面。For example, lithium-ion batteries have been considered one of the most promising energy conversion and storage devices due to their intrinsic advantages such as high energy density, high efficiency, superior rate capability, and long cycling life compared with other batteries.例如： 锂离子电池被认为是一种最有希望的能量存储和转化设备，原因是与其他电池相比，锂离子电池本质上具有高能量密度，高效率，优越的反应速度能力和循环充放电寿命长等优点 Since their commercialization in 1991, lithium-ion batteries have been widely used as power sources for portable devices, cordless tools, and laptops.自从1991年商业化以来，锂离子电池广泛应用于便携设备、无线工具和掌上电脑。 Furthermore, in recent years, great advancements in lithium-ion batteries have made this technology feasible in some special applications such as electric vehicle power sources, stationary energy storage systems for solar and wind energy, and smart grids. 而且，近年来，锂离子电池取得了巨大的进展，这使得它可以应用于一些特殊场合比如电动交通工具的电源、储存太阳能和风能的静态固定的能量存储系统和智能电网。Due to their significant roles in global energy conversion and storage, the investment in research and development (R&D) from governments, industries, and the public has increased considerably in recent years.由于近来锂离子电池在能量存储和转化方面发挥重要作用，因此各国政府、工业和公众对它研发方面的投资也显著增加。
1.1 Principle of Lithium-Ion Batteries
The lithium-ion battery is one of the most promising energy storage technologies currently available and widely used in portable electronics. 锂离子电池是目前可以获得的最具有前景能量存储技术之一，广泛应用于便携电子设备。The worldwide market for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries is now valued at 10 billion dollars per annum and is growing. 可充电锂离子电池世界市场价值估计为每年10亿美元，并且还正在增长。The main reason behind such rapid growth is its high energy density and cycling performance that no other energy storage devices can match. Recent demands on energy and environmental sustainability have further spurred great interest in a larger scale lithium-ion battery system for vehicles and grid load leveling as well as complementary energy storage for renewable energy resources, such as solar and wind power.在这种迅速增长的背后，是锂离子电池的高能量密度、优越的循环性能，这些优点是其他能量存储设备所不能匹敌的。当前，人们要求环境和能量要具有可持续性，这进一步激发了人们对大规模锂离子电池系统在交通运输、电网应用的兴趣，也激发了人们对锂离子电池作为互补可再生能源比如风能光能存储设备的兴趣。 The energy storage mechanism of lithium-ion batteries is quite straightforward. 锂离子电池的能量存储机理非常简单。Lithium-ion batteries store electrical energy in electrodes made of lithium-intercalation (or insertion) compounds with concomitant oxidation and reduction processes occurring at the two electrodes.锂离子电池在电极处存储电能，电极由锂离子和 插层化合物构成，过程中伴随着发生在两个电极上的氧化和还原反应。A lithium-ion battery generally comprises a graphite negative electrode (anode), a nonaqueous liquid electrolyte, and a layered LiCoO2 positive electrode (cathode) as shown in Figure 1.1a. On charging, Li+ ions are 一般来讲，锂离子电池包含一个石墨负电极（正极），一种非水相的液态电解质 和一个层状的LiCoO2 正电极（负极），如图1.1a所示。充电的时候，锂
离子
FIGURE 1.1
Schematic of (a) a traditional lithium-ion battery cell in which, during discharge, Li+ ions migrate through the electrolyte and electrons flow through the external circuit, both moving from the anode (negative) to the cathode (positive) and (b) open circuit energy diagram of an aqueous electrolyte, anode and cathode work functions (ΦA and ΦC). Eg is the electrolyte potential window for thermodynamic stability. (From Goodenough, J.B. and Kim, Y., Chem. Mater., 22, 3, 587–603, 2010. With permission.)传统锂离子电池示意图。在锂离子电池里，在放电过程中，锂离子穿过电解质迁移而电子通过外电路迁移，两者（锂离子和电子）从正极（负电）移动到负极（正点）。(b) 水相的电解质 正极 和负极工作原理示意图，Eg是热力学稳定的电解质电势窗口。
deintercalated from the layered LiCoO2 cathode host, transferred across the electrolyte, and intercalated between the graphite layers in the anode.从层状LiCoO2负极母体中脱嵌，转移
能源化学工程专业英语资料 - 图文
