英语基础语法知识
三．现在完成时
第一章 语 法 1.表示动作现在刚完成：
-His son has finished his homework. 第一节 时 态 2. 表示过去做的动作对现在仍有影响： 一．
-It's so cold in here. Who has broken the window? 一般 + s; 在以ch, sh, s, x 或 o 结尾的词后 + es (teaches, goes, washes, fixes, guesses);
3. 过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在（这时常和since 或for 短语连用） 在以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的词后，变y为i后再加-es (studies, tries) -Li has studied English for twenty years. 1. 表示现在反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常与every day, once a week, often, -Collecting dolls as a hobby becomes increasingly popular during the past fifty years. always, usually, sometimes, seldom等时间状语连用： b -We go there twice a month. [注] 1.副词用：just, before, already, often, never, ever, always, not...yet或now, today, this -Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an week等；不用过去的时间状语。 organization required for its operations. (d. required - requires) 2.-His grandmother ______ for thirty years. 2. 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等： a. died b. had died c. has been dead d. has died -He has great concern for others. -He has been in the army for two years. (不能说He has joined the army for ...) -Matter exists in three states. -I ______ a college student for more than a year. 3. 表示客观事物或普遍真理： a. became b. have become c. was d. have been -Light travels faster than
sound. -It is three years since he sent to the U.S. -Japan lies to the east of China. (不能说He has gone to the U.S. for three years.) 4. 表示安排或计划好的将来的动作： 四．一般过去时 -The plane takes off at five.
时间状语有: yesterday, ago, in 1978, once, last week (month, year), at that time, 5. 在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作（when, after, before, as soon as, until;
just now等，以及由when等引导的句子。 if, unless):
1. 表示某一确定的过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态： -If it is fine tomorrow, we will have a football match.
-A desert area that has been without water for six years will still bloom when rain -Oberlin College awards degrees to both sexes in 1837, but coeducaion in American
will come. (will come - comes) a
colleges did not spread until the second half of the century. (awards - awarded) 二．现在进行时
2. 表示过去某一段时间内经常发生或习惯的动作： study-studying; come-coming; sit-sitting (forget-forgetting); die-dying
-From 1910 to 1927 Corra Harris ______ out an average of a novel a year. 通常不能用于现在进行时的常见动词如下：
a. has brought b. were bringing c. had brought d. brought see, hear, smell, taste, know, find, forget, notice, suggest, be, love, like, want, hope,
3. used to: wish, prefer, hate, understand, remember, believe, have, consist, seem.
-We used to get up at five every morning when we were in the countryside. 1. 表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作：
五．过去进行时 -The students are running to the sports-field. 表示过去某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行的动作或正发生的历史事件。 2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻不一定在进行：
-Bill said that he ______ his homework at half past seven yesterday evening. -He is writing a novel this year.
a. did b. was doing c. is going to do d. has done 3. 可表示将来发生的动作，这一用法常用于go, come, leave, start等动词，后面也
六．过去完成时 常用表示较近的将来时间状语，如tomorrow, tonight, this coming Friday等，表
1．结束性动作--即“已完成”，表示在过去某一时间之前就已完成了的动作。 示安排或计划好的事情：
常有by, before, until, as soon as, when, because等引导的短语或从句，表示过去 -Those visitors are leaving for Wuhan tomorrow.
的时间。 4. 用来给习惯性动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩：
-By the end of last year, he had learned about 1,000 words. -The boy who is sitting beside me is always asking me a lot of whys and hows.
-He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.
Preposition (G) 5. At the far side of the yard there was a kitchen garden (菜园), and ______ that was
1. in, on, at yesterday morning in the morning tomorrow morning the orchard (果园). (再过去是果园) yesterday afternoon in the afternoon
英语基础语法知识
