③ 以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i,再加er
e.g. heavy-heavier
④ 双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er
e.g. fat-fatter,thin-thinner,big-bigger ⑤ 双音节和多音节词的比较级,在原级前加more
e.g. more beautiful,more careful ⑥ 不规则变化
e.g. good-better,many / much-more,far-farther,bad / ill-worse 3、三个或三个以上的人或物进行比较,用形容词最高级。
结构为:the + 形容词最高级 +in/of等表示范围的短语,表示“最……”。 e.g. Autumn is the best season in New York.
She is the tallest girl of our three.
第7讲 副词
1、副词是一种用来修饰动词或形容词的词,说明时间、程度、方式等概念。大多数副词都可以放在动词后面。
e.g. dance beautifully,listen carefully,sit quietly,speak loudly,very happy 2、副词的比较级变化规则与形容词比较级基本相同,以ly结尾的副词一般用more。 e.g. more carefully ,more quietly
第8讲 介词
介词又叫前置词,是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间关系的词,它一般放在名词、代词(宾格)或动词(动词ing形式)前面。 1、in
① 在……里面。如:in the classroom
② in+颜色,穿着……颜色的衣服。如:Who?s the man in white? ③ in+语言,用某种语言说。如:What?s this in English?
④ 在上午、下午、晚上。如:in the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening ⑤ 在年、月、季节前。如:in 2008,in August,in summer
⑥ 在国家、城市和较大的地方前。如:in China,in Wuxi,in the playground ⑦ 固定搭配。 如:in the middle of(在……中间),do well in(擅长),in the day(在白天),take part in(参加),stay in bed(躺在床上),in the street(在街上) 2、on
①在……上面。 如:on the desk
②用在某一天(上、下午)前。如:on the 5th of May,on Sunday,on Monday morning ③以Day结尾的节日前。如: on Children?s Day,on New Year?s Day ④固定搭配。如:on foot(步行),on duty(值日),put on(穿上),get on(上车) turn on(打开),on the right / left(在右边/左边),on the wall (在墙上),on Zhongshan Road(在中山路上)
注 意:树上长的水果用on the tree;不是树上长的外来物用in the tree。 如:I can see a lot of apples on the tree. There is a boy in the tree. 3、at
①在某个时刻前。如:at seven o?clock
②在传统节日前。如:at Spring Festival,at Mid-Autumn Festival,at Christmas ③在较小的地点。如:at the bus stop ④固定搭配。如:at once(立刻,马上),be good at(擅长……),look at(看),at home(在家),at school(在学校), at weekends(在周末), at the back of(在……后部), at night(在夜晚) 4、under 在……下面 如:There is a cat under the table.
5、behind 在……后面 如:There is an umbrella behind the door.
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6、near 靠近…… 如:There is a park near my house.
7、beside 在……旁边 如:The students are standing beside the teacher. 8、next to 紧靠……旁边 如:The teachers? office is next to our classroom. 9、before (时间上)在……之前 如: before class(上课前) 10、after (时间上)在……之后;依照 固定搭配: after class(课后),after school(放学后),look after(照看),run after(追赶),read after me(跟我读)
11、between 在两者之间 如:There are some trees between Building A and Building B. 12、by 乘某种交通工具 如:by bus,by plane,by the way(顺便说一下) 13、from
①be from = come from(来自……) 如:Mr Smiths is/comes from Australia. ②from…to…(从……到……)We go to school from Monday to Friday.
14、to 到、去…… 如:Let?s go to the zoo. 固定搭配:write to(给xx写信) 15、about 关于;大约
如: I want to buy a book about animals. It?s about one kilometer away. 16、for 为、给…… 如:Here?s a letter for you. What?s for breakfast?
固定搭配:look for (寻找),wait for(等候) 17、with
①与……一起。如:I?ll go shopping with my mother. ②具有某种特征。如:Who?s the boy with big eyes?
③help... with... 在某方面帮助某人 如: Can you help me with my English? ④play with... 和……一起玩;拿……玩 如:play with me,play with a yo-yo 18、in front of 在……前面 如:There is a tree in front of the classroom. in the front of 在……前部 如:There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 19、along 沿着,顺着 如:Go along this street.
20、as 作为 如:What would you like as a birthday present?
21、out of 从……出来;往……之外 如:The dog is running out of the house. 22、of ……的,属于…… 如:a map of China ,a map of the world
23、off 离开,在……之外 如:keep off the grass(勿踏草坪),get off(下车) 24、up 向上 如:stand up(起立),pull up carrots(拔胡萝卜) 25、down 向下 如:sit down(坐下), jump up and down(上下跳)
第9讲 数词
1、基数词:表示数目多少。 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
one two three four five six seven eight nine ten 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty - 7 -
21 22 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 twenty-one twenty-two thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety hundred 注意:数字“0”可以读作“zero”,也可以读作字母“o”。 2、序数词:表示顺序先后。 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth 11th eleventh 21st twenty-first 12th twelfth 13th thirteenth 14th fourteenth 15th fifteenth 16th sixteenth 17th seventeenth 18th eighteenth 19th nineteenth 20th twentieth 22nd twenty-second 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth 10th tenth 100th hundredth 基数词变序数词记忆口诀: 一、二、三,需要记,八去t,九省e,ve结尾时,f来代替, ty结尾时,y变ie,再加th,若是几十几,前基后序别忘记。
第10讲 连词
连词,顾名思义,是一种起连接作用的词。 1、and “和”,表示并列关系。
如:There are some desks and chairs in the classroom. 2、but “但是”,表示转折关系。
如:You can skate well, but I can?t . 3、or “还是”,表示选择关系。
如:Would you like a glass of milk or a cup of tea? 注 意:在疑问句或否定句中,当表示并列关系时,不用and,而用or。 如:Do you have any brothers or sisters?
I don?t have any brothers or sisters.
4、than “比”,表示对比关系。
如:Su Hai jumps farther than Su Yang. 5、because “因为”,表示因果关系。
如:I like summer best because I can go swimming. 6、so “所以”,表示结果关系。
如:Helen was ill , so she didn?t go to school yesterday.
第11讲 动词
动词是表示动作或行为的词。按其词义和在句子中的作用可以分为连系动词、助动词、情态动词和行为动词。
1、be动词(am,is,are)
① be动词做谓语时,要与主语在人称和数上保持一致。
用法口诀: 我用am,你用are,is 用在他、她、它,复数全用are。
如:I am a teacher. You are a student. She is a nurse. We are Chinese. ② be动词的否定形式:am not(无缩写形式),is not=isn?t,are not=aren?t 2、助动词(do,does,did)
① do,does用于一般现在时,does用于第三人称单数,其他人称和数用do。其过去式did用于一
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般过去时。他们通常用在疑问句和否定句中。助动词后动词要用原形。 如:Do you like this film?
Does she like playing football? I didn?t go to school yesterday.
② 否定形式:do not = don?t,does not =doesn?t,did not=didn?t
3、情态动词(can,may,must,should,will,would,shall等)
情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,表示“可能”,“可以”,“需要”,“必须”,“应当”等意思。情态动词没有人称和数的变化,后面的动词要用原形。
1)can和may都可以用来表示请求或允许,但may比can更正式,更客气些。 如: Can I use your pen? May I come in? 2)must和should
① must意为“必须,应当”,含有一种命令的语气,比较生硬,不容商量。 ② should意为“应当,应该”,表示建议或劝告,语气比较委婉,客气。 如:You must finish your homework before you go to bed. You should stay in bed and have a good rest.
3)will和would用于疑问句,表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用would比will更委婉,更客气。如:Will you please open the window? Would you like some coffee? 注意区别:
I?d like… 我想要……(接名词) 如:I?d like some tea.
I?d like to… 我想要做……(接动词原形)如:I?d like to go with you.
I like… 我喜欢……(接名词或动名词)如:I like monkeys. I like reading. 4) shall 在问句中表示征求对方的意见,主要用于第一人称。
如:Shall we go there by bus?
5)否定形式:can?t,may not,mustn?t,shouldn?t,wouldn?t,shall not 4、行为动词
行为动词也叫实意动词,是具有实际意义的动词。如run(跑), jump(跳), listen(听),sing(唱),eat(吃),think(想)等。 行为动词在句子中有人称和时态的变化。
在英语中,不同时间里发生的动作或存在的状态,需要用不同的动词形式来表现,这就叫时态。
第16讲 句法
1、陈述句
说明事实或陈述说话人观点的句子。基本结构:主语+谓语+其他 1)肯定陈述句 We all like pandas very much.
2)否定陈述句 He doesn?t do housework at weekends 3)肯定陈述句改否定陈述句
①一般是在be动词或情态动词后加not。
Mary was at school yesterday. —> Mary was not at school yesterday. I can make a model plane. —>I can not make a model plane.
②不含be动词或情态动词的,行为动词前要用助动词的否定式(don’t,doesn’t,didn’t),后面跟动词的原形。
He likes drawing pictures.—>He doesn?t like drawing pictures. I went to the park yesterday. —>I didn?t go to the park yesterday.
4)陈述句改一般疑问句
①有be动词或情态动词的,把be动词或情态动词提前。
Mary was at school yesterday. —> Was Mary at school yesterday? I can make a model plane. —> Can you make a model plane?
②不含be动词或情态动词的句子,借助助动词开头,动词还原成原形。
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He likes drawing pictures.—>Does he like drawing pictures.
I went to the park yesterday. —>Did you go to the park yesterday? 2、疑问句
用来提出问题,询问情况的句子,末尾用问号。
1)一般疑问句:一般疑问句常用来询问一件事是否属实,通常以be动词,助动词或情态动词开头,用yes或no来回答,因此又叫是非疑问句,通常读升调。
—Is Mr Green from the UK? —Yes,he is. / No,he isn?t. —Do you have any hobbies? —Yes,I do. / No,I don?t. —Can you play the guitar? —Yes,I can. / No,I can?t.
2)特殊疑问句:以特殊疑问词引导,要求回答具体问题,不能用yes或no来回答。—How do you go to work every day? —I go to work by car.
3)选择疑问句:提供两种或两种以上情况,让对方选择,往往用or连接。 —Would you like some tea or coffee? —Some coffee, please.
4)反意疑问句:反意疑问句是由陈述句和附在其后的附加疑问句组成。 —It?s a fine day, isn?t it? — Yes ,it is. 3、祈使句
表示请求或命令别人做某事或不做某事。 1)用于第二人称,通常省略you。
①肯定祈使句:Open the door, please. ②否定祈使句:Don?t be late again.
2)用于第一人称和第三人称,通常以let(let后跟宾格)或shall开头。 Let me have a look. Let?s play a game now. Let him go home now. Shall we meet at one thirty in front of the Garden Theatre? 4、感叹句
表达喜怒哀乐等强烈感情,句尾常用感叹号(!),语气用降调。 1)what + 名词或名词性短语 What a big garden (it is)!
What an interesting storybook (it is) ! What lovely weather (it is)! What pretty girls (they are)!
2)how +形容词或副词+主语+动词 How nice!
How beautiful the flowers are! How tall Yao Ming is!
5、there be 句型 表示在某地有某人或某物。
1)主语是单数,be动词用is(was);主语是复数,be动词用are(were)。 There is some milk in the fridge.
There are some peaches in the basket.
2)如果有几个不同的人或物并列存在,be动词根据最靠近的那个名词而定。 There is a ruler and five knives in the pencil case. There are five knives and a ruler in the pencil case. 3)there be句型和have/has区别:
there be句型表示某地有某人或某物;
have/has表示某人有某物。has用于第三人称单数,其余人称和数用have。 There are some English books on the desk. I have some English books.
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