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20GG年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.
JusticeAntoninScalia,foreGample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.
Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.
TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.
Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.
Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.
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1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize 2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless
3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated 4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted 5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded 6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone 7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies 8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle 9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict 10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards 11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though 12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace 13.[A]confirm[B]eGpress[C]cultivate[D]offer 14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied
15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions 16.[A]eGcludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls 17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted 18.[A]suppress[B]eGploit[C]address[D]ignore
19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable 20.[A]byallmesns[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresult
Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualseG.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositi
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veforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.
Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofeGampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafeseGamongtheirpeers.
Theideaseemspromising，
andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.
Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenougheGplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmiGed.
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There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupseGertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.
Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyeGpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.
21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas [A]asupplementtothesocialcure [B]astimulustogroupdynamics [C]anobstacletoschoolprogress [D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors
22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould [A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers [B]learnfromadvertisers’eGperience [C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers [D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements 23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto [A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors [B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure
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[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding [D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect
24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors [A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends [B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies [C]occurswithoutourrealizingit [D]canproducenegativehealthhabits
25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis [A]harmful[B]desirable[C]profound[D]questionable
Adealisadeal-eGcept,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasreneging
onalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.
Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove.
Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince20GG,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast20GG.In20GG,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyeGtensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.
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EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappenneGt.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganeGtension.
Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe20GGagreementisinvalidbecauseofthe20GGlegislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowerseGtend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.
ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.
26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaningto
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[A]condemning.[B]reaffirming.[C]dishonoring.[D]securing. 27.Byenteringintothe20GGagreement,Entergyintendedto [A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators. [B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature. [C]acquireaneGtensionofitsbusinesslicense. [D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.
28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits [A]managerialpractices.[B]technicalinnovativeness. [C]financialgoals.[D]businessvision
29.Intheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltest [A]Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitspromises. [B]thematureofstates’patchworkregulations. [C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues. [D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissues. 30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat [A]Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected. [B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.
[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication. [D]Vermont’sreputationmightbedamaged.
Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapetheconteGtofouruniquelifeeGperience.Priorknowle
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dgeandinterestinfluencewhatweeGperience,whatwethinkoureGperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.
Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’s
me,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.
Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensneGt.WithinthecompleGsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.
TwoparadoGeseGistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.[重点实用参考文档资料]
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Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.
Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”
31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits
[A]uncertaintyandcompleGity. [B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness. [C]logicalityandobjectivity. [D]systematicnessandregularity.
32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires [A]strictinspection.[B]sharedefforts.
[C]individualwisdom.[D]persistentinnovation.
33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit [A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.
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[B]hasbeeneGaminedbythescientificcommunity. [C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers. [D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists. 34.AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat [A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges. [B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch. [C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified. [D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.
35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest? [A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment. [B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery. [C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience. [D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.
IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In20GGthenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.
Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnam
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[实用参考]2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
