名词解释：
1、Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
2、Physical environment is made up of such things as temperature, water, wind, soil, air.; Physical environment can be natural or man-made. Mostly, it is a mix of the two.
3、Biotic environment: Comprising any influences on an organism that are exerted by other organisms, including competition, predation, parasitism, and cooperation.
4、urban ecology：the study of interactions between urban organisms （primarily human-beings) and their environment.
5、Ecosystem：.A defined space which includes plants, animals (organisms) and physical interactions . The biggest and most complicated study unit of ecology.
6、Food chains are the pathways of energy and matter through all organisms in an ecosystem.
7、Ecological succession ：A fundamental concept ecology, refers to more-or-less predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community.
8、Climax Community ：The final or stable community in the process of ecological succession is the climax community or climatic vegetation. 9、Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth and the essential interdependence of all living things
10、Trophic levels are ranks in the food chain. A food chain represents only one possible route for the transfer of energy in an ecosystem.
8、urban ecosystem models are based on the interaction of the social, biological ,and physical components of a city.
11、Ecological Footprint：The ecological footprint is a measure of
human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area necessary to supply the resources a human population consumes, and to mitigate associated waste.
12、Ecosystem service function is the capacity of natural processes and components to provide goods and services that satisfy human needs, directly or indirectly.
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Chapter one
1、Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
2、Physical environment is made up of such things as temperature, water, wind, soil, air.; Physical environment can be natural or man-made. Mostly, it is a mix of the two.
3、Biotic environment: Comprising any influences on an organism that are exerted by other organisms, including competition, predation, parasitism, and cooperation.
4、arious Branches of Ecology_ by study objects（研究对象） .分子生态学（molecule ecology） .个体生态学（autecology）
.种群生态学（population ecology） .群落生态学（community ecology）
.生态系统生态学（ecosystem ecology） .景观生态学（landscape ecology） .全球生态学（global ecology） 5、Size of your study in ecology .Individuals .Populations .Communities .Ecosystems
6、urban ecology：the study of interactions between urban organisms （primarily human-beings) and their environment.
Chapter two
1、Ecosystem：.A defined space which includes plants, animals (organisms) and physical interactions . The biggest and most complicated study unit of ecology.
.An ecosystem can be of any size depending on the communities to be studied .
.Ecologists tend to think of ecosystem in terms of energy flow, carbon flow or nutrient cycles.
2、 太阳辐射能 无生命成分 无机物质 有机物质 生态系统
生产者（绿色植物） 生命成分 消费者（动物） 还原者（微生物）
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3、Energy Flow
生态系统的能量流动主要由三者构成：生产者、消费者、分解者。
能量主要来自于太阳，生产者（绿色植物）通过光合作用可以直接吸收太阳中的能量。 初级消费者以绿色植物即生产者为食，此时能量由生产者转移到初级消费者体内；高级消费者如食肉动物等以初级消费者为食，能量因此又发生转移。
消费者或机体部分的死亡以及在生命过程中的排泄再加上初级生产者的死亡，这些死亡的部分大部分归入土壤，被分解者主要是细菌分解成初级消费者可以吸收的营养成分。
4、Food chains are the pathways of energy and matter through all organisms in an ecosystem.
5、Trophic levels are ranks in the food chain. A food chain represents only one possible route for the transfer of energy in an ecosystem.（图）
6、circulation of energy & nutrition (解释三层意思 1、有哪几部分组成 2、能量在物质间不断循环 3、初级的生产者转化到高一级时能量总是要少于初级的能量)
生产者通过光合作用产生了能量，它产生的物质量必须超过初级消费者的能量，初级消费者产生的能量也必须超过次级消费者的能量……以此类推，能量在流动过程中是逐级递
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生态学英文版期末复习资料分析解析
