Hello, everyone. Today I invite you to join me in an exploration off the causes of depression. There ate many factors involved, but I believe some deserve special attention.
Heredity certainly plays a role. .The tendency to develop depression may be inherited; there is evidence that this disorder may run in families.
Physiology is another factor related to depression. There may be changes or imbalances in chemicals which transmit information in the brain called neurotransmitters. Many modern antidepressant drugs attempt to increase levels of certain neurotransmitters so as to increase brain communication. While the causal relationship is unclear; it is known that antidepressant medications do reliever certain symptoms of depression.
Researchers also study psychological factors. They include the complex development of one’s personality and how one has learned to cope with external environmental factors, such as stress. It is freeqently observed that low self-esteem and self-defeating thinking are connected with depression. While it is not clear which is the cause and which is the effect, it is known that sufferers who are able to make corrections to their thinking patterns can show improved mood and self-esteem. Another factor causing depression is one’s early experiences. Events such as the death of a parent, the divorce of the parents, neglect, chronic illness, and severe physical abuse can also increase the likelihood of depression later in life.
Some present experiences may also lead to depression. Job loss, financial difficulties, long periods of unemployment, the loss of a spouse or other family member, or other painful events may trigger depression. Long-term stress at home, work, or school can also be involved.
It is worth nothing that those living with someone suffering from \\depression experience increased anxiety which adds to the possibility of their also becoming depressed.
Depression-causing Factors Problem Description Solution Heredity It is inherited and run in families. Physiology changes or imbalances in Antidepressant chemicals called drugs relieve neurotransmitters, which certain symptoms transmit of depression. information in the brain Psychological Factors Low self-esteem and Sufferers who make to self-defeating thinking correction are connected with their thinking depression. patterns can show improved mood and self-esteem. Early Experiences Event like the death of a parent, the divorce of parents, neglect, chronic illness, and severe physical abuse can increase the of likelihood depression. Present Experiences Job loss, financial long difficulties, periods of unemployment, the loss of a spouse or other family member, or long-term stress may trigger depression. Living somebody with This causes increased with anxiety, which adds to depression the possibility of their also becoming depressed.
VI. Further Listening and Speaking Task1: Reason and Emotion Script
Emotion is sometimes regarded as the opposite of reason; s is suggested by phrase such as” appeal to emotions rather than reason” and “don’t let your emotions take over”. Emotional reactions sometimes produce consequences or thoughts which people may later regret or disagree with; but during an emotional state, they could not control their actions. Thus, it is generally believed that one of the most distinctive facts about human beings is a contradiction between emotion and reason.
However, recent empirical studies do not suggest there is a clear distinction between reason and emotion. Indeed, anger or fear can often be thought of as an instinctive response to observed fact. The human mind possesses many possible reactions to the external world. Those reactions can lie on a continuum, with some of them involving the extreme of pure intellectual logic, which is often called “cold”, and others involving the extremes of pure emotion not related to logical agreement, which is called “the heat of passion”. The relation logic and emotion merits careful study. Passion, emotion, or feeling can
reinforce an argument, event one based primarily on reason. This is especially true in religion or ideology, which frequently demands an all-or-nothing rejection or acceptance. In such areas of thought, human beings have to adopt a comprehensive view partly backed by empirical argument and partly by feeling and passion. Moreover, several researchers have suggested that typically there is no “pure” decision or thought; that is, no thought is based “purely”” on intellectual logic or “purely” on emotion—most decisions are founded on a mixture of both.
1. What results does the speaker may some from emotional reactions 2. What is the popular belief about reason and emotion 3. What does the speaker mean by “cold “
4. According to the passage, what should people do in religious matters 5. What is the speaker’s conclusion
Keys:
Task 2: Depression Script
新视野大学英语视听说教程4原文+答案
