第一段：写论文解决什么问题 1． 问题的重述
a. 介绍重点词开头：
例1：“Hand move” irrigation, a cheap but labor-intensive small farms, a movable pipe with sprinkler on top that can be attached to a stationary main.
例2:……is a real-life common phenomenon with many complexities. 例3：An (effective plan) is crucial to……… b. 直接指出问题：
例 1： number of tollbooths in a highway toll-plaza for a given number of highway lanes: the number of tollbooths that minimizes average delay experienced by cars.
例2：A brand-new university needs to balance the cost of information technology security measures with the potential cost of attacks on its systems. 例3：We determine the number of sprinklers to use by analyzing the energy and motion of water in the pipe the engineering parameters of sprinklers available in the market. 数学建模美赛论文
例4: After mathematically analyzing the …… problem, our modeling group would like to present our conclusions, strategies, (and recommendations )to the ……. 例5：Our goal is... that (minimizes the time )………. 2． 解决这个问题的伟大意义 反面说明。如果没有……
implementing defensive measure, the university is exposed to an expected of $8.9 million per year.
3． 总的解决概述
a．通过什么方法解决什么问题
例： amusement park enjoyment through distributing Quick Passes (QP), reservation slips that ideally allow an individual to spend less time waiting in line. b．实际问题转化为数学模型
例1 a network flow vertices are the locations of escorts and wheelchair passengers. 例2 : A na?ve strategy would be to employ the minimum number of escorts to guarantee that all passengers reach their gates on time. c.将问题分阶段考虑
例3： the jump three : flying through the air, punching through the stack, and landing on the ground.
第二、三段：具体分析
1．在什么模型中/ 建立了什么模型 a. 主流模型
例1：We formulate a differential model to account for the rates of change of these uses, and how this change the overall consumption of water within the studied region.
例2:We examined the mathematical effects of……. We developed a detailed …… (simulation methodology) to test our ideas and to quantify the differences between (among) different …… (strategies).
例3：Based on (write your basis .such as the theory of supply and demand), we establish a model (such as differential equation system that includes demand, supply). 例4：To (write the aims), we establish a criterion (write the criterion). b. 模型非主流
例5：We build a model to determine how to lay out the pipe each time the equipment is moved. 例6：We determine …………
例7：We build a model to determine……….
例8：We formulate a model for………By analyzing …and examining….. 2．分析模型（使用什么数据，怎么做，一般三句话） a. 写历史数据 例1：Using historical data from the United States, we determine initial conditions for our model. b. 写计算机模拟 例1：this model leads to a computer simulation of catch-can tests of the irrigation system and …… 例2:Software packing reaches………by calculating and comparing……….. c. 运用数据模拟
例1：to ground this model in reality, we incorporate extensive demographic data and run…… 例2：We fit the modified model to data (such as 1970-2003.). We conclude that (write the last
conclude).
d. 讲详细分析
例1：We physically characterize the system that… 例2：We provide a strategy (write the logical strategy).
例3：The …model is (efficient, intuitive, and flexible) and could be applied to…
例4：To meet the needs of people today without, we establish a criterion of rational(合理的标准) oil allocation(分配).
3．总结该模型的结果/得到什么结论 a. 说明不是最优但能产生作用
例：We show that this strategy is not optimal but can be improved by assigning different numbers……
b. 说明如果用这个模型，结果如何
例1：If Delta Airlines were to utilize the na?ve strategy at Atlanta International Airport, the cost would be ……
例2：We modify the model to reflect (some trend such as exponentially increasing……) and generalize the model to (other field).
例3：Our results are summarized in the formula for the optimal number Bof tollbooths for c．通过其上情况的列举得到的结论
例：For various situations, we propose an optimal solution. d. 得出了结论
例1：we elicit that a conclusion.
例2：We conclude with a series of recommendations for how best to… e.进一步说明其他因素对模型的影响
例：In addition to the model, we also discuss policies for ….. f.用真实数据检验模型
例:To demonstrate how our model works, we apply it to ……….. 最后一段：写总的结论 a. 说明结论的可行性
例：Our suggested solution, which is easy to implement, includes a detailed timetable and the arrangement of pipes. b.说明算法的广泛性 例1：Our algorithm is broad enough to accommodate various airport concourses, flight schedules, and flight delays.
例2：Our analysis began by determining what factor impact……, Our conclusions are presented……
c.说明模型可用于其他领域
例：Since our model is based on…… it can be applied to (other domain). 其他（承上启下的连接词/常用词组）
例:In addition to the model, we also discuss…… 引言部分
（1）回顾研究背景，常用词汇有review, summarize, present, outline, describe等
（2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aim等，另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达
（3）介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用词汇有study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等 方法部分
（1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等
（2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等 （3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有等 结果部分
（1）展示研究结果，常用词汇有show, result, present等 （2）介绍结论，常用词汇有summary, introduce, conclude等 讨论部分
（1）陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有suggest, repot, present, expect, describe等 （2）说明论证，常用词汇有等support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify
（3）推荐和建议，常用词汇有suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose,
necessity, necessary, expect等。 摘要中常用的词语汇： critical 至关重要的 algorithm 运算法则
a method of evaluating 评价方法 appropriate 近似的 consider 考虑
configurations 布局 optimal 统一的
maximize 使…最大化 strategy 策略
parameter 参数，主要的决定因素 accuracy 精确性
strengths and weaknesses 优点和缺点 contact 相关的
contract 建立，构造 calculate 计算 establish 建立 formula 公式 modify 改进 rational 合理的
countermeasure 对策 criterion 标准，准则 Assumptions 引出：
We make the following assumptions about……process in this paper. a. 不考虑因素
例1：We do not take into account interactions between factors. 例2：The influence of …can be neglected 例3：…is “ideal” in …, …can be neglected.
b. 为了简化模型，之后反驳不正确，但是合理。
例1：In fact （in reality）factors effect each others, but in order to simplify the model ,we ignore the interactions between factors.
例2：In fact in reality factors effect each others, but in order to simplify the model ,we ignore the interactions between factors. c. 近似
例1：……can be approximated as a liner function of ….
例2： …are assumed to be the same. In practice, there is a slight difference. 例3：……can be approximated as a liner function of …. d. 细致考虑（可附原因）
例1：An airport consists of 1 to 10 concourses, each of with consists of 2 to 50 gates. Gates in the same concourse are generally located close to one another, while the travel time between concourses can be quite lengthy. Hence, we assume that inter-concourse travel is much lengthier than intra-concourse travel.
例2：A average fast walking speed is 250ft/min(3mph), but average speed when arms are immobilized (as when pushing a wheelchair) is only 180 ft/min (2 mph) [Gross and Shi 2001]. We assume that an escort walks at these speeds.
例3：An escort can operate only one wheelchair at a time. U.S. Dept. of transportation guidelines discourages leaving WPs unattended. Hence, the escort takes a WP to the connecting flight and remains until the flight leaves. e.直接定义(假设)：
例1：To measure the……,we define……
例2：Yearly industry statistics can be used valid. 例3：Sth may be represented by
例4：….are independent and randomly distributed 总结：
Additional assumptions are made to simplify analysis for individual sections. These assumptions will be discussed at the appropriate locations.
公式
由假设得到公式
1．We assume laminar flow and use Bernoulli?s equation:（由假设得到的公式） 公式 Where 符号解释
According to the assumptions, at every junction we have （由于假设） 公式
由原因得到公式
2．Because our field is flat, we have公式, so the height of our source relative to our sprinklers does not affect the exit speed v2 （由原因得到的公式）； 公式
Since the fluid is incompressible(由于液体是不可压缩的), we have 公式 Where 公式
用原来的公式推出公式
3．Plugging v1 into the equation for v2 ,we obtain （将公式1代入公式2中得到） 公式
11．Putting these together(把公式放在一起), because of the law of conservation of energy, yields： 公式
12．Therefore, from (2),(3),(5), we have the ith junction（由前几个公式得） 公式
Putting (1)-(5) together, we can obtain pup at every junction . in fact, at the last junction, we have 公式
Putting these into (1) ,we get（把这些公式代入1中） 公式
Which means that the Commonly, h is about
From these equations, （从这个公式中我们知道）we know that ……… 引出约束条件
4．Using pressure and discharge data from Rain Bird 结果,
We find the attenuation factor （得到衰减因子，常数，系数） to be 公式 计算结果
6．To find the new pressure ,we use the ( 0 0),which states that the volume of water flowing in equals the
volume of water flowing out : （为了找到新值，我们用什么方程） 公式 Where () is ;;
7．Solving for VN we obtain (公式的解) 公式
Where n is the …..
8．We have the following differential equations for speeds in the x- and y- directions: 公式
Whose solutions are （解） 公式
9．We use the following initial conditions ( 使用初值 ) to determine the drag constant: 公式
根据原有公式
10．We apply the law of conservation of energy（根据能量守恒定律）. The work done by the forces is 公式
The decrease in potential energy is （势能的减少） 公式
The increase in kinetic energy is (动能的增加)
公式
Drug acts directly against velocity, so the acceleration vector from drag can be found Newton?s law F=ma as : (牛顿第二定律)
Where a is the acceleration vector and m is mass
Using the Newton?s Second Law, we have that F/m=a and 公式 So that 公式
Setting the two expressions for t1/t2 equal and cross-multiplying gives 公式
22．We approximate the binomial distribution of contenders with a normal distribution: 公式
Where x is the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution. Clearing denominators and solving the resulting quadratic in B gives 公式
As an analytic approximation to . for k=1, we get B=c
26．Integrating, （使结合）we get PVT=constant, where 公式
The main composition of the air is nitrogen and oxygen, so i=5 and r=1.4, so 23．According to First Law of Thermodynamics, we get 公式
Where ( ) . we also then have 公式
Where P is the pressure of the gas and V is the volume. We put them into the Ideal Gas Internal Formula: 公式 Where
对公式变形
13．Define A=nlw to be the ( )（定义）; rearranging (1) produces （将公式变形得到） 公式
We maximize E for each layer, subject to the constraint (2). The calculations are easier if we minimize 1/E.（为了得到最大值，求他倒数的最小值） Neglecting constant factors （忽略常数）, we minimize 公式
使服从约束条件
14．Subject to the constraint （使服从约束条件） 公式
Where B is constant defined in (2). However, as long as we are obeying this constraint, we can write （根据约束条件我们得到） 公式
And thus f depends only on h , the function f is minimized at （求最小值） 公式
At this value of h, the constraint reduces to 公式 结果说明
15．This implies（暗示） that the harmonic mean of l and w should be 公式
So , in the optimal situation. ……… 5．This value shows very little loss due to friction.（结果说明） The escape speed with friction is 公式
16． We use a similar process to find the position of the droplet, resulting in 公式
With t=0.0001 s, error from the approximation is virtually zero. 17．We calculated its trajectory(轨道) using 公式
18．For that case, using the same expansion for e as above, 公式
19．Solving for t and equating it to the earlier expression for t, we get
数学建模美赛写作各部分模板
