关于儿童如何学习语言还有一些其他理论。
Many people are studying the process of language learning by children．This work is being done in many countries． 许多国家中有很多人正着手研究儿童学习语言的过程。
Linguists are not the only people who are interested in this process．Many psychologists，doctors， and parents are also interested．People who teach foreign languages are interested, too．
不仅语言学家，许多心理学家、医生和父母都对儿童的语言学习过程感兴趣。外语教师也对这一过程很感兴趣。 Foreign language teachers are interested in how children learn to speak their native language for a very important reason． 外语教师对儿童如何学说母语感兴趣，有其很重要的原因。
If they knew how children learn their native language，perhaps they would have an easy way to teach adults，as well as children, a second language．
他们如果知道儿童如何学习母语，就可能找到一种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第二语言。 This is a very interesting idea． 这是一种非常有意思的想法。
Some foreign language teachers believe that adults learn a second language the same way children learn their native language .
有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相同的。 These teachers try to make their students' learning similar to that of children． 这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习语言的过程组织教学：
These teachers speak only the foreign language in the classroom． 课堂上只讲外语，
They will not talk to students in the native language．
不与学生讲母语。
They try to expose them to as much of the spoken foreign language as possible．They do not teach them any rules for using the language．
他们使学生尽可能多地接触所学外语的口语形式，不教学生语言使用的规则。
Most parents don't teach their children rules for language usage，either. They simply tell them how to say something correctly．Foreign language teachers using this spoken language method do the same thing.
外语教师采用这种口语教法是因为大多数父母在教孩子说话的时候也不教孩子语言使用规则，而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话是正确的。
For some students，this method is successful． 对一些学生来说，这种方法是成功的，
They learn to speak quickly and easily．
他们能够轻而易举地、很快地学会所学的语言。
They seem to enjoy using the language，and they do not pay much attention to whether they use exactly the right rules for what they say．
他们似乎很喜欢去用所学的语言，并不很在意是否使用了正确的语言规则。
Some students, however，cannot learn a language this way．Linguists are trying to find another way to teach them a language．
另外一些学生则不适合这种方法，语言学家着手寻找一种适合他们的教学方法。
A second method，the rule-learning method，sometimes works better with these students．
另外一种方法--语言规则学习法--更适合这部分学生。
Some linguists believe that learning a foreign language is different from learning to speak one's native language． 一些语言学家认为学习外语不同于学习母语。
They feel that students must learn the rules for using the language by memorizing them and must practice saying things in the language and using the rules correctly．
学生必须通过记忆来学习语言使用规则，必须练习使用这种语言，练习正确地使用这些规则。 These linguists try to teach students the rules of the language they want to learn． 语言教师首先教学生要学的语法规则，
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Then they give them many sentences in the language to say over and over again．
再给学生一些例句让他们反复练习，
The students are encouraged to make up new sentences，using the rules that they have learned and the words that they know．
同时鼓励学生使用所学过的语法规则和他们所掌握的词造句。
Some students are very successful with this second, rule-learning method．
一些学生使用这种语法规则学习法效果非常好，
They learn the language quite quickly and can use it well. 他们学得很快，用得也好。
They know the rules for using the language and can speak the language and understand it，too． 他们掌握了语言使用规则，能够使用所学的语言，也能够理解别人的话。 For many students, this is the best way to learn a foreign language． 对一些学生来说，这是学外语最好的方法。 For some students, both of these methods may work. 对另外一些学生来说，两种方法都行之有效。
Sometimes teachers use a combination of these methods in class，hoping that everyone will be able to learn the language with one method or the other.
有时候，老师在课堂上将两种方法结合起来用，目的是让每个学生都能受益。
Some people can go to a country and \ simply from hearing it and trying to communicate in it． 有些人能够到国外通过倾听，与人交流等手段自然而然的学会那个国家的语言。 These people are rare． 但这毕竟是少数人。
Most people try to learn a language by taking classes and studying it in some way. 大多数人还是通过课堂或者其他方式来学语言的。
Most teachers will try different ways to help students learn a language quickly and easily． 大多数老师也通过不同的教法来帮助学生轻松快速的学会一门语言。
Linguists and psychologists are trying to understand how people learn and use a language． 语言学家和心理学家正致力于弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语言的。
Perhaps language 1earning will be easier when they have a clear understanding of how people learn and use a language． 也许在解决了这个问题之后，语言学习会变得容易一些。
Unit 2 Text A
Caught Between Two Cultures 夹在两种文化之间
I was born and raised in Hong Kong. 我是土生土长的香港人。
For the past six years I’ve been living in the United States． 六年来一直生活在美国，
I work as a salesgirl in a large department store. 是一家大百货商店的女售货员。
Right now I’m going through a difficult period of my life which is hard for me to talk about． 目前我正经历人生中一段痛苦，自己也很难讲述。 A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong for a visit．
几个月前，我回香港探亲，
It was the first time I’d gone back there since coming to the United States．
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这也是我到美国后第一次回家探亲。
I was eager to see my parents，my brothers and sisters，and my friends． 我期待着见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。 I really got a shock when I arrived．
到达时，我确实大吃一惊。
Hong Kong was not the same city that I left six years ago． 香港已经不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。
Things had changed so much that I didn’t recognize parts of it． 这儿发生了巨大的变化，一些地方都认不出来了。 My elementary school was gone． 我读书的那所小学已经不复存在。
The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down and replaced by office buildings． 曾经住过的那条街上的房子已被拆掉，代之而起的是办公大楼。
The shock from the physical changes in the city，however，was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents’home．
但是，我到了父母亲家里不久，就发现了一些令我想不通的问题，情感上也受到了挫伤。与之相比，香港外观上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。
My family greeted me warmly when I arrived． 我的家人热情地迎接我回家。
While my mother was busy preparing a special dinner in my honor，the rest of the family eagerly asked me questions about my life in the United States．
我母亲忙着备饭为我接风，家里其余的人迫不及待地问我在美国的生活。
I felt happy that day and for a couple of days after，but then I began to feel that something was wrong． 那天和之后的几天我都非常高兴, 但是不久我就开始感觉到事情有些不对劲儿。
I noticed that my family，especially my mother, would sometimes glance at me in a strange way when I was speaking． 我注意到，在我讲话的时候，我的家人，尤其是我母亲，会以一种奇怪的目光看我。
They gradually became less warm and friendly toward me，and I became uncomfortable and confused as to（至于） why they were behaving that way.
渐渐地，大家对我疏远起来，不像开始时那么热情、友好了, 我感到不舒服，弄不明白他们为什么这样对待我。 I decided to talk to my mother． 我决定和母亲谈一谈。
She asked me，“Have you forgotten your Chinese way ?” 她问我：“你忘了中国的规矩了吗?” I asked her what she meant． 我问她指的是什么。
She said．“You’ve forgotten the place of women in a Chinese home． 她回答说：“你忘了中国家庭里女人的地位了。 You talk when you should remain silent．
应该保持沉默的时候，你却在讲话。
You speak on matters that are of concern only to men． 你就那些只与男人有关的事情发表见解。
You speak openly of your inner feelings and desires． 你直言不讳你的内心感受和愿望，
That’s not the way of a Chinese woman． 这不是中国女人的做法。
We keep our thoughts and feelings to ourselves．”
我们的想法和感情都不说出来。”
As my mother spoke，I realized what had happened to me．
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听着母亲这样讲，我意识到了是怎么回事。
American including American women，are much freer in expressing their thoughts and feelings． 美国人，包括美国女性，都非常自由地表达自己的思想和感情。
Also American women feel as free as men to speak or give an opinion about any subject． 美国男女一样，对任何问题都自由地发表见解。
They don’t take a silent back seat during a discussion．
在讨论中，她们不会做一个沉默的旁观者。
I guessed that through my association with Americans during the past six years，，I had gradually adopted some of their ways．
我想，过去六年和美国人的交往中, 我渐渐学了他们的一些做法。 During the next few days I tried to be a Chinese woman． 接下来的几天，我尽力作一名中国女性，
But it didn’t work．My family remained distant from me． 可是没用。家人和我疏远。
They could no longer accept me fully as one of them． 他们无法完全把我当作自己人。
I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done that made me feel that I was an outsider,a stranger in my own country．
身在家乡却被视为外人，这使我更加不自在，感觉受到了深深的伤害。 I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States． 我提前三周结束了这次探亲，回到美国。
But coming back here didn’t lessen the confusion and pain． 但是回来之后并没有减轻我的困惑和苦恼。 In fact， I feel more confused than before． 事实上，我比以前更加困惑， I now feel homeless．
感到无家可归。
I don’t feel like an American． 我感觉自己不是美国人， Americans haven’t accepted me． 美国人也不接受我。
The women I work with at the store are polite enough，but they don’t try to get close to me or let me get close to them． 商店里一起工作的女同事们都对我非常礼貌，但是她们不接近我，我也无法接近她们。 During the morning coffee break they make plans to have lunch together and go shopping． 上午工作休息喝咖啡时她们计划一起吃午饭，一起购物；
On Fridays they talk about the disco place they’re going to that night． 星期五她们谈论晚上要去哪家迪厅， They never include me in their plans 。
但是从未将我列入她们的计划。
My accent， my name，and my oriental features mark me as a foreigner．
我的口音、名字和东方人的长相显示我是个外国人。 I’ve felt for a long time that I wasn’t being accepted by Americans，but I’d felt that I was Chinese and that my home was Hong Kong．
长期以来，我感到自己是中国人，我的故乡是香港，自己不被美国人接受。 Now I no longer consider Hong Kong my home． 现在我不再将香港视为我的故乡， And so I feel homeless． 因此感到无家可归。
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I’m caught between the old world where I no 1onger belong and the new world which has not yet accepted me． 我被夹在两个世界当中——不再属于原来的世界，还未被新世界接纳。
1、It was the first time I’d gone back home since coming to the United States. 这是我来美国后第一次回家探亲。
2、You speak on matters that are of concern（涉及） only to men. 你对那些只与男人有关的事情发表意见。
3、Through my association（交往） with Americans during the past six years, I had gradually （逐渐地）adopted（采用） some of their ways.
在过去的六年和美国人的交往中，我逐渐学会了他们的一些做法。
4、I no longer belong to the old world and the new world has not yet accepted me. 我不再属于旧世界，但还未被新世界接纳。
5、I no longer consider Hong Kong my home and feel homeless. 我不再将香港视做我的故乡，感到无家可归。
6、Things had changed so much in Hong Kong that I didn’t recognize parts of it. 香港发生了巨大的变化，有些地方都认不出来了。
7、I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States. 我提前三周结束了这次访问，回到美国。
8、They gradually（逐渐地） became less warm and friendly toward me. 他们对我渐渐地疏远起来，不像开始时那麽友好。 9、My mother prepared a special dinner in my honor. 我母亲特意为我准备了一顿饭。
10、They don’t take a silent（沉默的） back seat during a discussion. 在讨论中，他们不会做一个沉默的旁观者。
11、Coming back here didn’t lessen（减少） my confusion（混乱） and pain. 回来之后我的困惑和苦恼并没有减轻。
12、The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down（拆卸） and replaced by office buildings. 我曾经住的那条街上的房子被拆掉了，代之而起的是办公大楼。
Ⅳ．
“Culture shock”occurs as a result of total immersion in a new culture． “文化冲击”是完全浸人一种新文化所产生的结果。
It happens to “people who have been suddenly moved abroad”． 这一现象经常发生在“突然移居国外的人”身上。
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山东自考英语二课文翻译unit1——15
