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Chapter5
名词解释 Predication
答案:Predication refers to the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence; it consists of ‘argument(s)’ and ‘predicate’. An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. A predicate is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.
Selectional restrictions
答案:Selectional restrictions refer to the constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.
Naming theory
答案:The naming theory, proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato, is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, according to which, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for, and words are just names or labels for things.
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Conceptualism
答案:Conceptualism holds the view that relates words and things through the mediation of concepts of the mind.
Behaviorism
答案:Behaviorism holds the view that the meaning of a language form is the ‘situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.’
Contextualism
答案:Contextualism holds the view that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context– elements closely linked with language behaviour.
Grammaticality
答案:Grammaticality refers to the grammatical meaning of a linguistic unit (such as ‘a sentence’), which is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.
问答题
What is componential analysis?
答案:It is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning
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into semantic features, using such labels as ‘+HUMAN’, ‘+ADULT’, ‘+ANIMATE’, ‘+MALE’, and so on. Componential analysis makes it possible to show how the words analyzed are related in meaning.
What is predication analysis?
答案:It is a way proposed by the British linguist G. Leech to analyze sentence meaning, by which the basic unit of a sentence called predication consists of argument(s) and predicate, e.g. The predication of “Tom is smoking.” is: TOM (SMOKE).
What is the difference between sense and reference?
答案:The difference between sense and reference is that sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form, whereas reference deals with what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.
What is sense?
答案:Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in, like the definition of ‘dog’ as ‘a domesticated canine mammal, occurring in many breeds that show a great variety in size and form’.
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What is reference?
答案:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. For instance, if we say ‘The dog is barking’, we must be talking about a certain dog in the situation; here, ‘dog’ refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word ‘dog’ in this particular situation.
综合分析题
Analyze Speaker A's presupposition in the following dialogue and its possible effect on Speaker B:
A: (The first time to invite B to see a film) Hello, Mary. This is John speaking. B: Hi, John.
A: Which film do you would like to see with me tonight, Titanic, or Love Me Again? B: Well, ...
答案:Speaker A's presupposition in the dialogue is Mary has promised to see a film with John that evening. He made this supposition probably because he was afraid of Mary's refusal to go to see the movie with him. Therefore, he asked Mary to make a choice out of two films instead. The possible effect is that if Mary was careless, or she liked him very much, or she was in love with him, then she might accept his assumption and went with him to enjoy the film. If she was very careful, or she did not like him, then the presupposition might have little effect on her, and she might well decline his
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invitation.
Chapter6
名词解释
Constatives
答案:Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and thus verifiable (‘The dress is red’). Expressives
答案:Expressives are the speaker’s attempts to express his feelings or attitude towards an existing state, e.g. ‘I’m sorry for being late.’, ‘It’s very kind of you to give me advice.’ Performatives
答案:Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable (‘I name this ship Elizabeth’). Directives
答案:Directives are the speaker’s attempts to get the hearer to do something, e.g. ‘Turn on the light!’, ‘You’d better read the book.’, ‘Your money or your life!’ Illocutionary act
答案:Illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention, the act performed in saying something.
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