A. are finishing B. would finish C. have finished D. will have finished
动 词 的 被 动 语 态
一、被动语态的构成： be(助动词) + done(过去分词) 二、3ⅹ3时态变化表：
时 现在 过去 将来 体
一般 do did will/shall do 进行 am, is, are doing was, were doing will/shall be doing 完成 have/has done had done will/shall have done
加be done变被动：
时 现在 过去 将来 体
一般 am, is, are done was, were done will/shall be done 进行 am, is, are being done was, were being done -----------
完成 have/has been done had been done will/shall have been done
三、主动句变被动句的规律：
宾语提前主语变，人称时态be关键。 过去分词勿用错，主语变宾by后见。 被动条件：
谁做的动作不知道， 说出谁做的没必要， 突出承受者很重要， 被动语态错不了。
主动句：The boy broke the window yesterday.
被动句：The window was broken yesterday (by the boy).
注：被动句中be的单复要与新主语保持一致，但时态要与主动句的时态保持一致。
四、考点
1.不及物动词无被动，一些词组无被动：
take place = happen(发生) break out(火灾，战争爆发) appear(出现) disappear(消失) break down(坏掉，抛锚) come true(实现) belong to(属于) consist of(由…组成) occur to(使想起)
例：He_____ by his sister at that moment. (2012)
A. happened to see B. was happened to see C. was happened to be seen D. happened to be seen 2.个别及物动词无被动： fit(适合), wish, cost(花费) 例：This key just fits the lock.
3.系动词无被动语态，感官类系动词主动表被动。例： The silk feels sick. 4.情态动词本身无被动语态：
构成：主 + 情动 + be + V-ed
例：New books can be downloaded from the Internet.
5.表示事物属性的动词：read, write, dry, wear, wash, open, shut…主动表被动，一般这类动词后有一个修饰词。 例1： The coat dries easily. The book sells well.
例2：The pen writes well. (write)
The book was written by Shakespeare. (write)
6.sth need/want/require(需要) doing ，主动表被动。 to be done
例：This shirt needs washing/to be washed. (wash)
7.在主动语态中，make, let, hear, see, watch, observe, notice其后跟省略to的动词不定式（即动词原形），在变被动语态时，必须还原动词不定式的to. 例： We heard him sing this song in that room. →He was heard to sing this song in that room. The boss made him work 14 hours a day. →He was made to work 14 hours a day.
8.带双宾语的动词give, send, teach, lend, show, pass, tell等，在变被动语态时，可以有两种情况：直宾变成主语，间宾前加to；间宾变主语，不加to. 例：My friend gave me a pen yesterday.
→A pen was given to me (by my friend) yesterday. →I was given a pen (by my friend) yesterday.
非 谓 语 动 词
非谓语动词:不能作谓语的动词形式，可以作除谓语动词外的任何成分，即主谓
宾表定状补。
三种基本形式：doing, done, to do
Doing:
一、作主语
1.doing作主语,位于句首，谓语动词用单数形式。doing表示经常性、习惯性的动作。
Climbing mountains is a good way to keep fit.(保持健康) 主 系
Walking dog is his hobby. 主 系
2.当doing作主语太长时，用it作形式主语代替doing放在句首，doing放在句尾。（避免头重脚轻）
Crying over the spilt milk is no use. 主
→ It is no use crying over the spilt milk. 形式主语 真正主语 固定句型：
1. It is no use / no good / useless / senseless doing…
2. It is worth doing sth…
3. It is a waste of time doing…
4. It is fun / enjoyable / pleasant /a good pleasure doing…
例：It’s no use _____ with him since he has made up his mind. (2010) A. to argue B. arguing C. to be argued D. argued 二、作宾语 1.动词 + doing
consider(考虑), suggest(建议), look forward to(盼), excuse(原谅), admit(承认), delay/put off(推迟),得,fancy(想象)， avoid(避免), miss(错过), keep(继续), practice(练), deny(否认), finish(完成),就, enjoy/appreciate(欣赏), forbid(禁止), imagine(想象),才, risk(冒险),
stand(忍受), mind(介意), allow/permit(准), escape(逃亡). 固定搭配：
1. advise / forbid / allow, permit + doing sth 建议 禁止 两允许 sb to do sth 2. need/want/require + doing 需要 to be done
例：⑴He enjoys _____ pop music while I prefer classical music. (2010) A. to listen to B. to listen C. listening D. listening to
⑵The garden requires_____ . (2009)
A. watering B. being watered C. to water D. having watered ⑶I appreciate____ to your birthday party. (2003)
A. to be invited B. to have invited C. having invited D. being invited ⑷I don’t mind____ out for a walk in such a bad weather. (2006) A. go B. to go C. going D. gone ⑸I don’t mind ____ in the office.
A. to smoke B. smoked C. his smoking D. smokes 注：1.doing的被动形式：being done (第3题只有被动的含义) 2.doing的复合结构：
在doing前面加 形容词性物主代词： his smoking 名词所有格： Tom’s smoking 代词的宾格形式(口语)：him smoking (doing动作的发出者)
如果his smoking与him smoking同时出现，选择更加正式的his smoking. 3.doing的否定形式：紧挨着doing前加not : not doing 例1：I’m sorry for not being there.
例2：⑴No one can avoid____ by advertisements. (2008)
A. influenced B. influencing C. to influence D. being influenced
⑵What is the reason for ____ on time? (2012) A. not your coming B. you not come
C. your not coming D. you not to come
2.作介词宾语（所有的介词后跟动词的-ing 形式）
介词：at, for, against, on, by, to, (in)… ⑴to为介词的短语：（～ to doing）
be/get used to = be accustomed to 习惯于 get down to 开始做… pay attention to 关注 contribute to 有助于 devote oneself to 投身于 be addicted to 沉溺于 look forward to 盼望 object to 反对 stick to 坚持 lead to 导致 the key to …的关键 confess to 坦白 ☆prefer的用法：
prefer + doing (长期的动作) to do (一次性的动作)
prefer to do A rather than do B = prefer doing A to doing B 宁愿做A而不愿做B 例：I prefer walking______. (2007)
A. to drive B. to driving C. than drive D. than driving ⑵省略介词in的短语：
sb spend 时间 (in) doing sth 花（时间）做… sb be busy (in) doing sth 忙于
sb have trouble/difficulty/a problem/a hard time (in) doing sth 做…有困难 There is no point (in) doing… 做…是没有用的。 sb lose no time (in) doing sth 不失时机做… succeed in doing 成功做…(in不可省略)
例：⑴As a lawyer he spent a lot of time_____ investigations. (2006) A. conducted B. to conduct C. conduct D. conducting
⑵There is no____ arguing about it, just do as you are told. (2005) A. reason B. way C. point D. meaning 3.既跟doing 又跟to do 的词： ⑴用法相同： start/begin doing to do ⑵用法不同：
a. love/like/hate + doing (长期的动作) to do (一次性的动作)
b. forget doing 忘记已经做过某事(失忆) to do 忘记去做某事(健忘) remember doing 记得曾经做过某事 to do 记住要做某事 regret doing 后悔做过某事 to do 遗憾要去做某事 c. stop doing 停止正在做的事 to do 停下来做另一件事 go on doing 继续做同一件事 to do 接着做另一件事 d. try doing 尝试着做某事 to do 努力做某事 mean doing 意味着做某事
to do 打算做某事 can’t help doing 情不自禁做某事 (to) do 不能帮助做某事 e. feel like doing 想做某事 would like to do 想做某事
三、作表语
doing 作表语，对主语进行解释说明或表示主语的特征。 例：My aunt’s job is laying eggs. (主语等于表语)
The music sounds exciting. (doing表主语的特征，译为“令人…的”)
四、作定语
1.doing作定语，放在名词前，表示该名词的用途，或doing的动作由该名词发出。 dining room (餐厅) reading room (阅览室) walking stick (手杖)
boiling water (正沸腾的水) sleeping baby (正在睡觉的婴儿) developing country (发展中国家)
2.doing作定语，放在名词前，表示该名词的一种客观状态，译为：“令人…的” exciting, boring, tiring, puzzling, confusing, moving… 例： an exciting voice 一个令人兴奋的声音
a puzzling expression 一个令人困惑的表情 囧 a moving movie 一部令人感动的电影 doing 作表语→ The movie is moving.
3.doing短语作定语，放在名词后，表示该名词与doing构成主动进行的关系。 ⑴The girl is my ex. ↘
The girl wears a pink hat. ↗ The girl wearing a pink hat is my ex. ⑵They live in a mansion.(豪宅) ↘
The mansion faces north. ↗ They live in a mansion facing north. ⑶The man is Baldhead Strong. ↘
The man is being beaten. ↗ The man being beaten is Baldhead Strong. 注：being done作定语时：表示“正在被…”
五、作状语
1.doing 作状语，句子中有“，”表示主句主语与非谓语动词构成主动进行的关系。 考题形式：⑴ 非 ⅹⅹ，SVO.
SVO, 非 ⅹⅹ. 主语S与非谓doing构成主动进行的关系。 S, 非 ⅹⅹ,VO.
⑵(With)+名词 非，SVO. 名词与非谓doing构成主动进行的关系。 注：形式⑵又被称为独立主格结构。
例1：Weather permitting(允许), we will visit you tomorrow. 例2：⑴_____ in Beijing, he was met by his good friend.
A. He arrived B. Arriving C. Being arrived D. Arrived ⑵He lived in Beijing, ____ as a writer.
A. worked B. being worked C. working D. work ⑶My uncle, ____ in Beijing, is a doctor.
专升本英语语法教案---真题版
