leading cadres ' awareness of right in place, study the party Constitution and party rules, series of speeches can make proper effect. Party cadres to \o\e, to lead by example we must change our mind, recognizing that \st, learn the Communist Party Constitution Party rules, learning learning series important speech by General Secretary can enhance theory. With the \olution\se of rapid changes in our life are feeling, the Communists should adhere to the theory of confidence will continue to learn from the voices of the times, the times, in turn, will have new requirements for leading party cadres. \he most basic meaning of members all mastering the core theory and the most advanced weapons theory, complement the spirit of calcium. Secondly, the Communist Party Constitution Party rules, learning learning series important speech by General Secretary be able to firmly build the ideological foundation. Under the impact of multiple values, the \o help cultivate independent judgment in numerous miscellaneous multiple concepts, so that the majority consensus of party members, the important magic weapon of the party with the resonance frequency. Finally, the Constitution of the Communist Party, party rules, learning learning series important speech can stand crowds, General Secretary position. Now, some grass-roots work in the \old way didn't work, hard way cannot, the new approach would not\nomenon, sometimes due to a mass of party members and cadres not understanding, does not meet. In fact, the mass \ncing\nd are likely to be party members and leading cadres themselves ignoring beliefs held, resulting in lack of persuasion and sense of identity. %uaranteed party cadres work, an important prerequisite for convincing the masses. Bacon said it well: \can handle individual matters, but looking at the whole operation globally, but only man can do to knowledge. \ness of leading cadres of party members, as party members learn real responsibility\now \s, in parallel with the ground, do not forget to also answer the antenna, draw catches on meteorology, which sit between heaven and Earth which melds together the dreams of practicing Communist. Members cadres should in \arn a do\he based post do contribution in all members in the carried out \Constitution Party rules, and learn series speech, do qualified members\ducation, this is following party of mass line education practice activities and \strict three real\ topic education zhihou, deepening party education of and once important practice, is promoted \ct three real\c education from \xpand, and from concentrated education to regular education extends of important initiatives. Vast numbers of party members and cadres in the course of two, should be1、政治经济学为什么具有阶级性
政治经济学，无论是资产阶级经济学（包括当代西方经济学还是马克思主义经济学，都具有鲜明的阶级性。这是因为，政治经 济学的研究内容，涉及人们的经济利益关系，而经济利益关系在存在阶级关系的社会中，会表现为阶级利益关系。资产阶级政治经济学，从其整个思想体系来说，是为资产阶级的经济利益服务的。政治经济学都是有阶级性的。 2、马克思主义政治经济学是怎样产生和发展的？
（1）马克思主义政治经济学产生的历史背景是：一方面，资本主义经济发展已经成熟，无产阶级作为新生产力的代表登上了政治舞台，并开展了强大的工人运动。
另一方面，资产阶级古典政治经济学和空想社会主义为马克思主义政治经济学和科学社会主义的创立提供了理论来源。
（2）马克思主义政治经济学批判地继承了资产阶级古典政治经济学中的科学因素，揭示了资本主义的运动规律。在继承古典经济学劳动价值论的基础上，创立了科学的劳动价值论，并以此为基础，创立了剩余价值学说。
（3）马克思和恩格斯所创立的政治经济学，主要研究资本主义经济，并对社会主义经济制度和体制提出了一些预见性设想。 （4）马克思主义政治经济学是不断发展和创新的经济学科，它在社会主义革命、建设、改革、开放中获得重大发展发。 3、马克思主义政治经济学的研究对象是什么？
（1）马克思主义政治经济学的研究对象，总体上说，是研究特定社会制度中的社会生产关系，即经济利益关系，揭示社会历史发展中的经济规律。
（2）生产关系是人们在物质资料生产和再生产过程中所结成的相互关系，它属于经济利益关系。
（3）狭义的生产关系是指直接生产过程中所结成的人与人的关系，广义的生产关系是指社会再生产过程中诸环节、诸方面的关系，既包括直接生产过程中的关系，也包括分配关 系、交换关系、消费关系。
（4）政治经济学研究生产关系时，不是研究它的表面现象，而是揭示生产关系产生、发展、变化的规律性，即研究各种客观经济规律。经济规律是经济现象和经济过程内在的、本质的、必然的联系。
4、马克思主义政治经济学资本主义部分同社会主义部分的研究对象有什么异同？
马克思主义政治经济学社会主义部分与资本主义部分的研究对象，既相统一，又有差异。 （1）二者有统一面。二者都是研究社会生产关系，即经济利益关系，揭示经济运动规
（2）二者有差异面。马克思的政治经济学重在通过对资本主义生产关系的研究，揭示其内在矛盾、阶级对抗性和资本主义制度产生、发展与灭亡的客观规律，揭示资本主义终将被社会主义所取代的历史必然性。而社会主义政治经济学，则重在研究怎样巩固、发展和完善社会主义生产关系，实现全体社会成员共同富裕的经济利益。 5、学习政治经济学的意义？
马克思主义政治经济学为我们认识客观世界和社会历史发展规律提供了科学的理论与方法，也是我们改造客观世界和主观世界的理论武器。
（1）马克思主义政治经济学是社会主义运动和社会主义革命的理论武器
（2）马克思主义政治经济学是认识社会历史发展的必然趋势，坚定社会主义理想信念和树立共产主义世界观的科学依据 （3）马克思主义政治经济学是社会主义经济建设和经济体制改革的理论基础 （4）马克思主义政治经济学是提高马克思主义自觉性和改造世界观的指导思想 6、为什么马克思主义政治经济学实现了阶级性和科学性的统一？
（1）马克思主义政治经济学是代表工人阶级和广大劳动人民利益的经济学说，具有鲜明的阶级性。 （2）马克思主义政治经济学是一门提示社会经济发展规律的科学，具有高度科学性和真理性。
（3）马克思主义政治经济学之所以能够实现阶级性和科学性的统一，因为工人阶级及其政党代表先进生产力发展的要求，其阶级地位和阶级利益同社会历史发展方向相一致，它越是正确地提示经济规律，其理论就越具有科学性，便越符合工人阶级的阶级利益。 7、为什么要加强对当代资本主义的研究？
马克思主义政治经济学之所以要，加强对当代资本主义经济的研究，这是因为：
（1）这是我国改革发展的需要。在当今经济全球化、我国加入WTO、国内经济融入国际经济的条件下研究我国的改革与发展，需要联系国际经济关系，借鉴发达资本主义国家经济发展与运行方面的经验和成果。
（2）资本主义经济有新的发展变化。二次大战后，资本主义国家出现了一些新现象、新变化、新特点，需要加以研究。
ased on their actual, striving to be \ng\ning theoretical study, belief and faith. Theory is an action guide, only theoretical knowledge in place, to unity, action can consciously. Constitution is the fundamental law of the party, party rules are party must follow the General rules. Studying and implementing the party Constitution Party rules and a series of important speech, General Secretary, is a guide to persisting and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, is a basic work of strengthening the party's construction, but also each and every Communist Party Member's obligations and solemn responsibility. These important content, for each party, must know would believe will do both. WeGeneral Secretary of the party Constitution, a series of remarks with, and hold, grasp the real \ning\sis, based on the Constitution speak to issue, in accordance with the series changed the problem. Second, disciplined in line, to become law-abiding model. Is not no rules. If there is no iron discipline, party members and cadres will become a mess, it will lose its fighting strength and vitality, purity and naturally much less advanced. By \s and cadres to keep the \om line\nes\ouslypractice the %uns\consciously act according to the Constitution, party rules, remains a political force, to perform party oath, a tree of its own image. Three is the loyal, dare to play and play to party members. Learning is the Foundation, is the key to development is the goal. \ain objective is to let the majority of the play to the exemplary role of party members and cadres, party Constitution, party rules to examine. To use new criteria to guide our behavior. Through education, the ideal and conviction, keep in mind that membership, learn, learn, learn go play a vanguard and exemplary role, the courage to play as, and always maintain the pioneer, pioneering and enterprising spirit, and constantly improve our own capacity and level of service, according to positions and make contributions. Hearts change, lead more strict \n in the know, know as Luke Skywalker\bers both a starting point and ending point. Party cadres only opinions, Foundation, Constitution Party rules, series to better address outside in shape, \o\ate, leading by example, to lead by example to be qualified party members in the process of doing the deep and solid, higher and more stringent. Jobs with new skills. To be a qualified party member, most basic element is always advanced requirements themselves, using their power to push forward the cause of the party, the people and the nation. Is to the leading cadres of party members, first of all is based on the job, do the people in the heart. There is not a slogan, but aims to better serve the people, targeted efforts to increase the capacityleading cadres ' awareness of right in place, study the party Constitution and party rules, series of speeches can make proper effect. Party cadres to \o\e, to lead by example we must change our mind, recognizing that \st, learn the Communist Party Constitution Party rules, learning learning series important speech by General Secretary can enhance theory. With the \olution\se of rapid changes in our life are feeling, the Communists should adhere to the theory of confidence will continue to learn from the voices of the times, the times, in turn, will have new requirements for leading party cadres. \he most basic meaning of members all mastering the core theory and the most advanced weapons theory, complement the spirit of calcium. Secondly, the Communist Party Constitution Party rules, learning learning series important speech by General Secretary be able to firmly build the ideological foundation. Under the impact of multiple values, the \o help cultivate independent judgment in numerous miscellaneous multiple concepts, so that the majority consensus of party members, the important magic weapon of the party with the resonance frequency. Finally, the Constitution of the Communist Party, party rules, learning learning series important speech can stand crowds, General Secretary position. Now, some grass-roots work in the \old way didn't work, hard way cannot, the new approach would not\nomenon, sometimes due to a mass of party members and cadres not understanding, does not meet. In fact, the mass \ncing\nd are likely to be party members and leading cadres themselves ignoring beliefs held, resulting in lack of persuasion and sense of identity. %uaranteed party cadres work, an important prerequisite for convincing the masses. Bacon said it well: \can handle individual matters, but looking at the whole operation globally, but only man can do to knowledge. \ first raise awareness of leading cadres of party members, as party members learn real responsibility\now \s, in parallel with the ground, do not forget to also answer the antenna, draw catches on meteorology, which sit between heaven and Earth which melds together the dreams of practicing Communist. Members cadres should in \arn a do\he based post do contribution in all members in the carried out \Constitution Party rules, and learn series speech, do qualifiedmembers\ducation, this is following party of mass line education practice activities and \strict three real\ topic education zhihou, deepening party education of and once important practice, is promoted \ct three real\c education from \xpand, and from concentrated education to regular education extends of important initiatives. Vast numbers of party members and cadres in the course of two, should be8、如何看待当代西方经济学？
（1）当代西方经济学即当代资产阶级经济学，从其掩盖资本主义矛盾、为资本主义制度辩护、为资产阶级的统治和利益服务、并反对马克思主义和社会主义来说，具有庸俗性质。
（2）当代西方经济学从其研究管理社会化大生产的方法和制度、认识和阐述市场经济运行及政府调控的规则，以及优化产业结构、利用现代科技成果促进经济发展等方面来说，又有一定程度的科学成分。
（3）当代西方经济学的科学成分，对于我国发展社会主义经济和进行经济体制改革，具有借鉴意义。 9、马克思主义政治经济学产生的历史背景
一是无产阶级作为新生产力的代表，登上了政治舞台，并开展了强大工人运动， 为自己的命运进行斗争，需要有自己阶级的政治经济学理论作指导。
二是资产阶级古典政治经济学和空想社会主义提出了许多有价值的理论和观点，为马克思主义政治经济学的创立，提供了理论来源。 选择题：
政治经济学作为一门独立学科产生于17世纪中叶。
资产阶级古典政治经济学为马克思主义政治经济学的创立提供了理论来源。 剩余价值学说是马克思主义政治经济学资本主义部分的理论基石。 马克思主义政治经济学是阶级性和科学性的统一。
19世纪中叶，马克思和恩格斯创立了马克思主义政治经济学。 政治经济学的研究对象是社会生产关系即经济利益关系。
生产关系是人类社会关系中最基本的关系。生产关系是人们在物质资料生产和再生产过程中所结成的相互关系。 广义的生产关系是马克思主义政治经济学的研究对象。
马克思主义的政治经济学着重研究资本主义生产关系，也分析了资本主义经济体制与经济运行机制。
社会主义政治经济学着重研究社会主义生产关系，提示社会主义经济运动规律，研究与其相联系的经济体制和经济运行机制，研究经济增长的发展的途径和方式。
1、为什么物质资料生产是马克思主义政治经济学研究的出发点？
答：马克思主义政治经济学的研究对象是社会生产关系及其发展规律，而社会生产关系及其发展规律，是在人类物质资料生产过程中形成和存在的。离开了人类的物质资料生产，也就不存在人们在生产过程中的相互关系，更不会产生反映生产关系发展变化的客观经济规律。因此，要了解和把握马克思主义政治经济学的研究对象，需要了解什么是物质资料生产及其对人类社会的重要作用。 2、社会生产力是如何构成的？
答：生产力的构成，概括地说包括人的因素和物的因素。人的因素是指有一定生产经验、劳动技能和科学知识，并实现着物质资料生产的劳动者。在生产力中人的因素具有特殊重要的地位，起着最根本的作用，劳动者是生产力中最根本的力量。生产力中物的因素是生产资料，即人们在生产过程中所使用的劳动资料和劳动对象的总和。在生产资料中，作为劳动资料重要构成部分的生产工具对于生产力的发展有着特殊的作用。生产力的发展，首先是从生产工具的发展变化开始的。生产力发展的状况集中表现在生产工具的发展与变化上，它是社会生产力发展水平和生产力性质的最主要的标志，也是划分经济发展时期的主要标志。 3、社会生产总过程的四个环节之间的关系是怎样的？
答：社会生产关系内部生产、分配、交换、消费之间的关系是一种相互联系、相互制约的关系。首先，生产对分配、交换和消费起决定作用。表现在：（1）生产决定着分配，交换和消费的对象；（2）生产决定着分配、交换和消费的水平与结构；（3）生产决定着分配、交换、消费的具体方式；（4）生产的社会性质决定分配、交换、消费的社会性质。其次，分配、交换和消费对生产起反作用。具体表现在：（1）适合生产力发展的分配方式，能够调动生产者的积极性，促进生产的发展；反之起阻碍作用。（2）交换的发展能促进生产的发展，反之、则阻碍生产的发展。（3）消费使生产出来的产品最终得到实现，消费为生产的发展创造出动力，反之则阻碍生产力的发展。 4、怎样理解生产力和生产关系的相互关系？
答：（1）生产力和生产关系之间是对立统一的辩证关系，两者的统一构成社会的生产方式。（2）生产力决定生产关系：生产力决定生产关系的性质；生产力的发展和变化决定着生产关系的发展和变化。（3）生产关系对生产力起反作用：适应生产力发展时起推动作用，不适应时起阻碍作用。（4）生产关系一定要适合生产力状况的规律表明：第一，旧的、过时的生产关系必然适应生产力的变化而变化；第二，新的生产关系只能适应生产力发展的客观要求而建立。
ased on their actual, striving to be \ng\ning theoretical study, belief and faith. Theory is an action guide, only theoretical knowledge in place, to unity, action can consciously. Constitution is the fundamental law of the party, party rules are party must follow the General rules. Studying and implementing the party Constitution Party rules and a series of important speech, General Secretary, is a guide to persisting and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, is a basic work of strengthening the party's construction, but also each and every Communist Party Member's obligations and solemn responsibility. These important content, for each party, must know would believe will do both. WeGeneral Secretary of the party Constitution, a series of remarks with, and hold, grasp the real \ning\sis, based on the Constitution speak to issue, in accordance with the series changed the problem. Second, disciplined in line, to become law-abiding model. Is not no rules. If there is no iron discipline, party members and cadres will become a mess, it will lose its fighting strength and vitality, purity and naturally much less advanced. By \s and cadres to keep the \om line\nes\ouslypractice the %uns\consciously act according to the Constitution, party rules, remains a political force, to perform party oath, a tree of its own image. Three is the loyal, dare to play and play to party members. Learning is the Foundation, is the key to development is the goal. \ain objective is to let the majority of the play to the exemplary role of party members and cadres, party Constitution, party rules to examine. To use new criteria to guide our behavior. Through education, the ideal and conviction, keep in mind that membership, learn, learn, learn go play a vanguard and exemplary role, the courage to play as, and always maintain the pioneer, pioneering and enterprising spirit, and constantly improve our own capacity and level of service, according to positions and make contributions. Hearts change, lead more strict \n in the know, know as Luke Skywalker\bers both a starting point and ending point. Party cadres only opinions, Foundation, Constitution Party rules, series to better address outside in shape, \o\tate, leading by example, to lead by example to be qualified party members in the process of doing the deep and solid, higher and more stringent. Jobs with new skills. To be a qualified party member, most basic element is always advanced requirements themselves, using their power to push forward the cause of the party, the people and the nation. Is to the leading cadres of party members, first of all is based on the job, do the people in the heart. There is not a slogan, but aims to better serve the people, targeted efforts to increase the capacityleading cadres ' awareness of right in place, study the party Constitution and party rules, series of speeches can make proper effect. Party cadres to \o\e, to lead by example we must change our mind, recognizing that \st, learn the Communist Party Constitution Party rules, learning learning series important speech by General Secretary can enhance theory. With the \olution\se of rapid changes in our life are feeling, the Communists should adhere to the theory of confidence will continue to learn from the voices of the times, the times, in turn, will have new requirements for leading party cadres. \he most basic meaning of members all mastering the core theory and the most advanced weapons theory, complement the spirit of calcium. Secondly, the Communist Party Constitution Party rules, learning learning series important speech by General Secretary be able to firmly build the ideological foundation. Under the impact of multiple values, the \o help cultivate independent judgment in numerous miscellaneous multiple concepts, so that the majority consensus of party members, the important magic weapon of the party with the resonance frequency. Finally, the Constitution of the Communist Party, party rules, learning learning series important speech can stand crowds, General Secretary position. Now, some grass-roots work in the \old way didn't work, hard way cannot, the new approach would not\nomenon, sometimes due to a mass of party members and cadres not understanding, does not meet. In fact, the mass \ncing\nd are likely to be party members and leading cadres themselves ignoring beliefs held, resulting in lack of persuasion and sense of identity. %uaranteed party cadres work, an important prerequisite for convincing the masses. Bacon said it well: \can handle individual matters, but looking at the whole operation globally, but only man can do to knowledge. \ness of leading cadres of party members, as party members learn real responsibility\now \s, in parallel with the ground, do not forget to also answer the antenna, draw catches on meteorology, which sit between heaven and Earth which melds together the dreams of practicing Communist. Members cadres should in \arn a do\he based post do contribution in all members in the carried out \Constitution Party rules, and learn series speech, do qualified members\ducation, this is following party of mass line education practice activities and \strict three real\ topic education zhihou, deepening party education of and once important practice, is promoted \ct three real\c education from \xpand, and from concentrated education to regular education extends of important initiatives. Vast numbers of party members and cadres in the course of two, should be5、经济规律的特点是什么？
答：经济规律与自然界物质运动规律相比较，它们的共同点都具有客观性，但是经济规律又有其自身的特点：（1）自然界物质运动规律完全离开人们的活动而独立存在和发生作用，而经济规律总是和人们的经济活动相联系。（2）自然界物质运动规律大多是长久不变的，而经济规律是随着经济条件的变化而变化的。（3）在阶级社会里，认识和利用经济规律总是有阶级背景的。 6、科学技术是生产力
答：（1）科学技术是生产力，是指科学和技术发明在生产过程中应用，变为巨大的物质力量，从而转化为现实的直接的生产力。（2）生产力多包括的人的因素和物的因素（劳动对象和劳动资料），都同一定的科学技术密切联系。科学技术广泛应用于生产，日益渗透到劳动者、劳动对象和劳动资料之中，引起它们素质的变化，极大地促进生产力的发展。意识科学技术的发展，使劳动者的生产技术水平不断提高，生产经验日益丰富，生产效率逐步增加；二是科学技术的发展，促进劳动对象质量的提高和数量品种的增加；三是科学技术的发展，引起生产过程其他方面，如生产管理、工艺流程等发生变化。（3）振兴我国经济，首先要振兴科学技术，事实科教兴国战略，加速科技进步。科学技术的现代化，是实现社会主义现代化的基础。 1、怎样理解国民经济比例关系及其实质？
答：国民经济中的各种比例关系，实质上是把社会总劳动（包括物化劳动与活劳动），按照一定比例分配于国民经济的各部门、各环节、各地区的反映。在一个社会的国民经济发展中，如果能够自觉地保持国民经济比例关系的协调与平衡，则社会总劳动就可得到有效利用，充分发挥各种生产要素的功能，取得好的经济效益，促进社会经济的增长与发展。反之，如果比例关系失调，则会造成社会劳动的浪费，经济效益低下，阻碍社会经济的增长与发展。 2、经济增长与经济发展有何联系与区别？
答：经济增长和经济发展是两个既有联系又有区别的概念。经济增长是指一个国家或地区，在一定时期内的产品（或产值）和劳务总量的产出增长，它反映的是国民经济的量的变化。经济发展除包含经济增长的内容外，还包括经济结构方面的变化，如产业结构、就业结构、收入结构、消费结构、人口结构的变化等等。此外，经济发展还包括生态平衡的保持、环境质量的提高、文教卫生事业的发展、生活状况的改善、以及贫困落后状态的减少和消除等等一系列社会经济生活方面的质的变化。所以，经济增长是着重反映国民经济数量变化的概念，而经济发展是既反映国民经济的数量变化，又反映国民经济质量变化的概念。经济增长是经济发展的前提和基础，没有经济增长，不可能实现经济的发展。
3、内涵式扩大再生产与外延式扩大再生产的区别和联系是什么？
答：扩大再生产从其实现的方式来看，分为外延扩大再生产和内涵扩大再生产两种类型。一般来说，外延扩大再生产是指在生产技术和劳动效率不提高的情况下，单纯依靠扩大生产场所，增加生产资料和劳动力数量，来扩大生产规模。内涵扩大再生产是指依靠生产资料效率的提高，也就是通过生产资料质量的改善，技术的进步，以及劳动生产率的提高来扩大生产规模。外延的扩大再生产并不必然排斥生产技术和劳动效率的提高。在生产技术水平和生产资料使用效率较低的条件下，扩大再生产一般是以外延扩大再生产为主；而在科学技术迅速发展和生产资料使用效率不断提高的条件下，内涵扩大再生产在扩大再生产中所占比重会随之不断提高，并会逐步过渡到以内涵扩大再生产为主。
4、产业结构的演进趋势
答：各个国家的产业结构，总的来说，呈现出逐步优化升级、由低级向高级逐渐演进的趋势。
（1） 两大部类产业结构的变动趋势是，制造消费资料部类所占比重逐渐下降，制造生产资料部类所占比重逐渐上升。
（2）农轻重产业结构的变动趋势是，农业比重逐渐下降，工业比重逐渐上升；工业中的轻工业比重逐渐下降，重工业比重逐渐上升。 （3）传统与新兴产业结构的变动趋势是，传统产业逐步被新兴产业所代替，新兴产业逐渐成为主导产业。
（4）生产要素密集型产业结构的变动趋势是，劳动密集型产业的比重逐渐减少，技术和资金密集型产业日益发展。
（5）三次产业结构的变动趋势是，第一产业比重逐渐下降，质量日益提高，第二产业的结构不断优化，第三产业的比重逐步提高。 5、保持一定经济增长速度的意义
答：（1）任何国家国民经济的发展，必须保持一定的经济增长速度，这是社会发展和人民生活改善的基础。如果经济增长速度为零或负增长，社会就很难取得进步。（2）经济增长速度就是一定时期内物质资料生产和劳务发展变化的速率。（3）经济增长速度的表示，它通常以一定时期内的生产总产值、国民收入、国民生产总值、国内生产总值等经济总量指标的增长率，以及按人平均的增长率来表示。
ased on their actual, striving to be \ng\ning theoretical study, belief and faith. Theory is an action guide, only theoretical knowledge in place, to unity, action can consciously. Constitution is the fundamental law of the party, party rules are party must follow the General rules. Studying and implementing the party Constitution Party rules and a series of important speech, General Secretary, is a guide to persisting and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, is a basic work of strengthening the party's construction, but also each and every Communist Party Member's obligations and solemn responsibility. These important content, for each party, must know would believe will do both. WeGeneral Secretary of the party Constitution, a series of remarks with, and hold, grasp the real \ning\sis, based on the Constitution speak to issue, in accordance with the series changed the problem. Second, disciplined in line, to become law-abiding model. Is not no rules. If there is no iron discipline, party members and cadres will become a mess, it will lose its fighting strength and vitality, purity and naturally much less advanced. By \s and cadres to keep the \om line\nes\ouslypractice the %uns\consciously act according to the Constitution, party rules, remains a political force, to perform party oath, a tree of its own image. Three is the loyal, dare to play and play to party members. Learning is the Foundation, is the key to development is the goal. \ain objective is to let the majority of the play to the exemplary role of party members and cadres, party Constitution, party rules to examine. To use new criteria to guide our behavior. Through education, the ideal and conviction, keep in mind that membership, learn, learn, learn go play a vanguard and exemplary role, the courage to play as, and always maintain the pioneer, pioneering and enterprising spirit, and constantly improve our own capacity and level of service, according to positions and make contributions. Hearts change, lead more strict \n in the know, know as Luke Skywalker\bers both a starting point and ending point. Party cadres only opinions, Foundation, Constitution Party rules, series to better address outside in shape, \o\ate, leading by example, to lead by example to be qualified party members in the process of doing the deep and solid, higher and more stringent. Jobs with new skills. To be a qualified party member, most basic element is always advanced requirements themselves, using their power to push forward the cause of the party, the people and the nation. Is to the leading cadres of party members, first of all is based on the job, do the people in the heart. There is not a slogan, but aims to better serve the people, targeted efforts to increase the capacityleading cadres ' awareness of right in place, study the party Constitution and party rules, series of speeches can make proper effect. Party cadres to \o\e, to lead by example we must change our mind, recognizing that \st, learn the Communist Party Constitution Party rules, learning learning series important speech by General Secretary can enhance theory. With the \olution\se of rapid changes in our life are feeling, the Communists should adhere to the theory of confidence will continue to learn from the voices of the times, the times, in turn, will have new requirements for leading party cadres. \he most basic meaning of members all mastering the core theory and the most advanced weapons theory, complement the spirit of calcium. Secondly, the Communist Party Constitution Party rules, learning learning series important speech by General Secretary be able to firmly build the ideological foundation. Under the impact of multiple values, the \o help cultivate independent judgment in numerous miscellaneous multiple concepts, so that the majority consensus of party members, the important magic weapon of the party with the resonance frequency. Finally, the Constitution of the Communist Party, party rules, learning learning series important speech can stand crowds, General Secretary position. Now, some grass-roots work in the \old way didn't work, hard way cannot, the new approach would not\nomenon, sometimes due to a mass of party members and cadres not understanding, does not meet. In fact, the mass \ncing\nd are likely to be party members and leading cadres themselves ignoring beliefs held, resulting in lack of persuasion and sense of identity. %uaranteed party cadres work, an important prerequisite for convincing the masses. Bacon said it well: \can handle individual matters, but looking at the whole operation globally, but only man can do to knowledge. \ first raise awareness of leading cadres of party members, as party members learn real responsibility\now \s, in parallel with the ground, do not forget to also answer the antenna, draw catches on meteorology, which sit between heaven and Earth which melds together the dreams of practicing Communist. Members cadres should in \arn a do\he based post do contribution in all members in the carried out \Constitution Party rules, and learn series speech, do qualifiedmembers\ducation, this is following party of mass line education practice activities and \strict three real\ topic education zhihou, deepening party education of and once important practice, is promoted \ct three real\c education from \xpand, and from concentrated education to regular education extends of important initiatives. Vast numbers of party members and cadres in the course of two, should be1、商品经济产生和存在的条件是什么？
答：商品经济产生和存在的一般前提条件，是社会分工，即各种社会劳动划分和独立化为不同的行业或部门。不同所有者和不同经济利益主体是商品经济产生和存在的决定性条件。
2、什么是商品的二因素，什么是生产商品的劳动二重性，商品二因素与劳动二重性是什么关系？
答：商品的二因素是使用价值和价值；生产商品的劳动二重性是具体劳动和抽象劳动。具体劳动创造商品的使用价值，抽象劳动形成商品的价值。
3、商品的价值量是怎样决定的？
答：商品的价值量由生产商品的社会必要劳动时间所决定。由社会必要劳动时间所决定的商品价值就是商品的社会价值。形成商品价值量的劳动是以简单劳动为尺度的。复杂程度不同的劳动所生产的不同种类商品的价值量的确定，是通过把一定量的复杂劳动化为多倍的简单劳动来实现的。
4、为什么私人劳动或局部劳动与社会劳动的矛盾是商品经济的基本矛盾？
答：私人劳动或局部劳动和社会劳动的矛盾，是商品经济的基本矛盾。这是因为：第一，私人劳动或局部劳动和社会劳动的矛盾，是商品内在各种矛盾的根源。第二，私人劳动或局部劳动和社会劳动的矛盾，决定商品经济的产生和发展全过程。第三，私人劳动或局部劳动和社会劳动的矛盾，决定着商品生产者的命运。
5、价值规律的内容和作用形式是什么？价值规律在商品经济中起哪些作用？
答：（1）内容：价值规律是商品经济的普遍的客观经济规律。它的基本内容和客观要求是：商品的价值由生产商品的社会必要劳动时间决定，商品交换依据价值来进行。用一句话来表述就是，商品交换按照由社会必要劳动时间决定的价值来进行。 （2）价值规律的作用形式：价格围绕价值上下波动。
（3）作用：第一，自发调节生产资料和劳动力在社会各生产部门的按比例分配。通过竞争、价格、供求关系的变动而实现。第二，自发地刺激社会生产力的发展。这一作用是在追求个别价值低于社会价值的过程中实现的。第三，引起和促进小商品生产者的两极分化。优胜劣汰，两极分化。 6、价值的唯一源泉是活劳动
答：（1）活劳动与物化劳动。形成商品价值的劳动，分为活劳动和物化劳动。活劳动实质在生产过程中新加入到劳动对象的抽象劳动。物化劳动是指以生产资料形式存在的过去的劳动。（2）活劳动与创造价值。在商品生产过程中，只有活劳动和物化劳动才能创造新价值。物化劳动部创造新价值，智能将其原有的价值转移到新生产的商品中。价值的创造就是指商品生产过程中由活劳动新增加到生产的商品中的价值，不是指转移到商品中的物化劳动的缘由价值。价值的唯一源泉是活的抽象劳动。（3）总体工人创造价值。作为价值唯一源泉的活劳动，既包括体力劳动，也包括脑力劳动；既包括生产商品的工人的活劳动，又包括生产商品的管理人员和科技人员的活劳动。也就是由“总体工人”或“结合劳动人员”的活劳动共同创造价值。 7、货币的产生、本质和智能
答：（1）货币的产生。货币是随着价值形式的长期发展而产生的，它是商品交换发展到一定阶段的自发产物，是商品乃在矛盾发展的必然结果。（2）货币的本质。货币是固定地充当一般等价物的一般商品，体现商品生产者之间的社会经济关系。（3）货币的职能。货币的职能是货币本质的具体体现。在发达商品经济或市场经济中，它有价值尺度、流通手段、贮藏手段、支付手段和世界货币五种职能。五种职能的这一排列顺序，大致反映了它们产生的顺序及其相互关系。其中的价值尺度和流通手段，是货币最基本的职能，是货币一产生就具有的。
1、商品经济与市场经济的区别和联系是怎样的？
答：商品经济和市场经济既有区别，又有联系。商品经济与市场经济的区别在于两者的内涵不同。商品经济是通过商品货币关系实行等价交换的经济形式。市场经济则是社会资源的一种配置方式。商品经济是市场经济存在和发展的前提和基础。表现在：（1）商品货币关系的存在是市场机制发挥作用的基础。（2）商品经济规律是市场机制的内在根据。（3）商品经济的发展高度，决定市场经济的成熟程度。
2、市场机制包括哪些内容？它对市场经济的运行和发展起着什么作用？
答：市场机制，就是价值规律的作用机制，或者说就是市场的各种要素包括价格、供求和竞争等因素之间互为因果、相互制约、各自挥功能、又共同发挥功能的这种联系和作用。各种市场要素的联系和作用，构成统一的市场机制，其中，价格机制是市场机制的核心。
ased on their actual, striving to be \ng\ning theoretical study, belief and faith. Theory is an action guide, only theoretical knowledge in place, to unity, action can consciously. Constitution is the fundamental law of the party, party rules are party must follow the General rules. Studying and implementing the party Constitution Party rules and a series of important speech, General Secretary, is a guide to persisting and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, is a basic work of strengthening the party's construction, but also each and every Communist Party Member's obligations and solemn responsibility. These important content, for each party, must know would believe will do both. WeGeneral Secretary of the party Constitution, a series of remarks with, and hold, grasp the real \ning\sis, based on the Constitution speak to issue, in accordance with the series changed the problem. Second, disciplined in line, to become law-abiding model. Is not no rules. If there is no iron discipline, party members and cadres will become a mess, it will lose its fighting strength and vitality, purity and naturally much less advanced. By \s and cadres to keep the \om line\nes\ouslypractice the %uns\consciously act according to the Constitution, party rules, remains a political force, to perform party oath, a tree of its own image. Three is the loyal, dare to play and play to party members. Learning is the Foundation, is the key to development is the goal. \ain objective is to let the majority of the play to the exemplary role of party members and cadres, party Constitution, party rules to examine. To use new criteria to guide our behavior. Through education, the ideal and conviction, keep in mind that membership, learn, learn, learn go play a vanguard and exemplary role, the courage to play as, and always maintain the pioneer, pioneering and enterprising spirit, and constantly improve our own capacity and level of service, according to positions and make contributions. Hearts change, lead more strict \n in the know, know as Luke Skywalker\bers both a starting point and ending point. Party cadres only opinions, Foundation, Constitution Party rules, series to better address outside in shape, \o\tate, leading by example, to lead by example to be qualified party members in the process of doing the deep and solid, higher and more stringent. Jobs with new skills. To be a qualified party member, most basic element is always advanced requirements themselves, using their power to push forward the cause of the party, the people and the nation. Is to the leading cadres of party members, first of all is based on the job, do the people in the heart. There is not a slogan, but aims to better serve the people, targeted efforts to increase the capacityleading cadres ' awareness of right in place, study the party Constitution and party rules, series of speeches can make proper effect. Party cadres to \o\e, to lead by example we must change our mind, recognizing that \st, learn the Communist Party Constitution Party rules, learning learning series important speech by General Secretary can enhance theory. With the \olution\se of rapid changes in our life are feeling, the Communists should adhere to the theory of confidence will continue to learn from the voices of the times, the times, in turn, will have new requirements for leading party cadres. \he most basic meaning of members all mastering the core theory and the most advanced weapons theory, complement the spirit of calcium. Secondly, the Communist Party Constitution Party rules, learning learning series important speech by General Secretary be able to firmly build the ideological foundation. Under the impact of multiple values, the \o help cultivate independent judgment in numerous miscellaneous multiple concepts, so that the majority consensus of party members, the important magic weapon of the party with the resonance frequency. Finally, the Constitution of the Communist Party, party rules, learning learning series important speech can stand crowds, General Secretary position. Now, some grass-roots work in the \old way didn't work, hard way cannot, the new approach would not\nomenon, sometimes due to a mass of party members and cadres not understanding, does not meet. In fact, the mass \ncing\nd are likely to be party members and leading cadres themselves ignoring beliefs held, resulting in lack of persuasion and sense of identity. %uaranteed party cadres work, an important prerequisite for convincing the masses. Bacon said it well: \can handle individual matters, but looking at the whole operation globally, but only man can do to knowledge. \ness of leading cadres of party members, as party members learn real responsibility\now \s, in parallel with the ground, do not forget to also answer the antenna, draw catches on meteorology, which sit between heaven and Earth which melds together the dreams of practicing Communist. Members cadres should in \arn a do\he based post do contribution in all members in the carried out \Constitution Party rules, and learn series speech, do qualified members\ducation, this is following party of mass line education practice activities and \strict three real\ topic education zhihou, deepening party education of and once important practice, is promoted \ct three real\c education from \xpand, and from concentrated education to regular education extends of important initiatives. Vast numbers of party members and cadres in the course of two, should be （1）价格机制。价格机制对市场经济运行和发展的作用是多方面的。（1）价格机制调节生产。（2）价格机制调节消费。（3）价格机制是宏观经济的重要调控手段。
（2）供求机制。供求机制对市场经济的运行起着重要的作用。首先，价格、竞争、利率等市场机制的作用都离不开供求机制。其次，供求机制调节生产与消费。
（3）竞争机制。竞争机制对市场经济的运行有重要作用：（1）它是价格机制、信贷利率机制等市场机制充分展开并充分发挥功能的保证。（2）它促进企业开展技术革新、改善经营管理、增强企业活力、更好地为消费者服务。（3）它有利于打破地区封锁和部门分割，促进商品流通和生产要素交流。（4）它有利于推动社会生产力发展和经济效益提高。 3、为什么必须建立市场秩序和市场规则？
答：良好的市场秩序是市场机制发生作用的前提和保证。而最基本的市场秩序是公平竞争。围绕公平竞争的市场秩序主要有三个方面：（1）市场准入和退出秩序。（2）市场竞争秩序。（3）交易行为秩序。市场制度和规则，指维护市场公平竞争，保证市场正常运行的各种制度和规则的总和，是国家对市场和市场主体行为所制定的强制性的制度和规定，目的在于促使市场主体的行为制度化和规范化，保证市场的良好经济秩序。市场制度和规则的内容十分广泛，大体可分为三类：第一类为市场运行的制度和规则；第二类为企业内部管理和企业经济行为的制度和规则；第三类为国家经济行为的制度和规则。建立消除不平等竞争、实现公平竞争的制度和规则，是市场运行制度规则体系的核心。 4、社会资源的配置方式
答：在不同的资源配置机制的作用下，与不同的资源配置方式，即计划方式和市场方式。
（1）计划配置资源方式。这种资源配置方式的动力是实现国家整体利益；资源配置的信息集中在国家受众，信息传递主要是纵向的上下流动，资源配置的决策权集中在国家。
（2）市场配置资源方式。这种资源配置方式的决策者是基层经济单位；资源配置的动力是追求单位自身利益的最大化；决策的一句是市场信息，主要是价格信息，信息主要是横向的传递。
计划和市场两种资源配置方式的区别和联系。二者的区别在于：一是它们要求有不同的管理制度；二是它们在实现资源配置过程中都具有自身特点，前者具有在全社会范围配置资源的作用，但排斥市场配置资源的作用；后者能适应市场的要求，及时调节资源的配置，但存在资源配置的一定的盲目性和滞后性。二者的联系在与，在某种经济体制中，计划和市场两种方式能以不同形式相结合，要加有效地配置资源。
5、市场经济的一般特点
答：市场经济作为一种资源配置和经济运行方式，不具有独立的社会性质，它在于不同的社会制度中，有其一般性，主要是：（1）商品生产者和经营者的一切经济活动都离不开市场，企业的经济活动必然要受市场机制的调节。（2）企业作为市场经济的主题，拥有生产经营自主权，能对市场信号及时做出灵敏的反应。（3）政府不直接干预企业生产经营活动，而是通过经济、法律和必要的行政手段实行宏观调控。（4）整个经济运行有一个比较健全的法制基础，保证市场有序进行。 1、剩余价值是怎样生产出来的？为什么说资本主义生产的实质是剩余价值的生产？
答：分析剩余价值的生产过程，首先要把资本主义生产过程作为价值形成过程来考察。在生产过程中，一方面，工人的具体劳动创造新的使用价值，将消耗的生产资料价值转移到产品中去。另一方面，工人的抽象劳动凝结到产品中去，形成新价值。两者的统一就是价值的形成过程。价值增值过程是超过一定点的价值形成过程。在生产过程中，资本家通过延长工人的劳动时间，使工人新创造的价值超过劳动力价值这个一定点以上，从而生产出剩余价值，并被资本家无偿占有，这时价值形成过程就转化为价值增值过程。资本主义生产过程是劳动过程和价值增殖过程的统一。
2、资本家提高剥削程度的两种基本方法是什么？
答：资本家提高对工人的剥削程度的具体方法多种多样，概括起来有两种基本方法：绝对剩余价值生产和相对剩余价值生产。在雇佣工人的必要劳动时间不变的条件下，由于工作日的绝对延长而生产的剩余价值，叫做绝对剩余价值。资本家之所以能够采取绝对剩余价值生产的方法，是因为工作可以在一定界限内伸缩。首先，工作日的最低界限必须大于必要劳动时间。其次，工作日的最高界限取决于两个因素：生理因素和道德因素。相对剩余价值是在工作日长度不变的条件下，由于缩短必要劳动时间，相应延长剩余劳动时间而生产的剩余价值。相对于剩余价值生产以社会劳动生产率的提高为条件。因为，生产相对剩余价值必须缩短必要劳动时间。要缩短必要劳动时间，必须降低工人及其家庭必要生活资料的价值。为降低生活资料的价值，必须提高生产生活资料生产部门以及与生活资料生产有关的生产资料生产部门的劳动生产率。当上述这些部门的劳动生产率提高时，生活资料价值便会下降，劳动力价值随之下降，必要劳动时间缩短，剩余
ased on their actual, striving to be \ng\ning theoretical study, belief and faith. Theory is an action guide, only theoretical knowledge in place, to unity, action can consciously. Constitution is the fundamental law of the party, party rules are party must follow the General rules. Studying and implementing the party Constitution Party rules and a series of important speech, General Secretary, is a guide to persisting and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, is a basic work of strengthening the party's construction, but also each and every Communist Party Member's obligations and solemn responsibility. These important content, for each party, must know would believe will do both. WeGeneral Secretary of the party Constitution, a series of remarks with, and hold, grasp the real \ning\sis, based on the Constitution speak to issue, in accordance with the series changed the problem. Second, disciplined in line, to become law-abiding model. Is not no rules. If there is no iron discipline, party members and cadres will become a mess, it will lose its fighting strength and vitality, purity and naturally much less advanced. By \s and cadres to keep the \om line\nes\ouslypractice the %uns\consciously act according to the Constitution, party rules, remains a political force, to perform party oath, a tree of its own image. Three is the loyal, dare to play and play to party members. Learning is the Foundation, is the key to development is the goal. \ain objective is to let the majority of the play to the exemplary role of party members and cadres, party Constitution, party rules to examine. To use new criteria to guide our behavior. Through education, the ideal and conviction, keep in mind that membership, learn, learn, learn go play a vanguard and exemplary role, the courage to play as, and always maintain the pioneer, pioneering and enterprising spirit, and constantly improve our own capacity and level of service, according to positions and make contributions. Hearts change, lead more strict \n in the know, know as Luke Skywalker\bers both a starting point and ending point. Party cadres only opinions, Foundation, Constitution Party rules, series to better address outside in shape, \o\ate, leading by example, to lead by example to be qualified party members in the process of doing the deep and solid, higher and more stringent. Jobs with new skills. To be a qualified party member, most basic element is always advanced requirements themselves, using their power to push forward the cause of the party, the people and the nation. Is to the leading cadres of party members, first of all is based on the job, do the people in the heart. There is not a slogan, but aims to better serve the people, targeted efforts to increase the capacity
自考00009政治经济学（财经类）重点讲解
