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工程师 - 可持续用水的关键

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Engineering4(2018)586–587Contents lists available at ScienceDirectEngineeringTopicInsights

Engineers:TheKeytoSustainableWaterUse

NeilAndrew

ChairofAustralia’sMurray–DarlingBasinAuthorityandFellowoftheAustralianAcademyofTechnologyandEngineering,AustraliaAlthoughAustraliaisknownforbeingtheworld’sdriestinhab-itedcontinent,waterscarcityishardlyanissuethatisisolatedtojustonecountry.Inrecentmonths,theprolongeddroughtinSouthAfricahasledtoawatercrisisthatpromptedrealandurgentwarn-ingsthatCapeTown,thecountry’ssecond-largestcity,facedthepossibilityofrunningoutofwater.InIndia,thenorthernsummerhasbroughtonarepeatofacutewatershortages,withreportsoftapsrunningdryinmanyareasandwithonepolicythink-tankwarningthataround600millionpeopleinIndiaarefacingwaterstress.TheUnitedNations(UN)agencyUN-Watersaysthatwaterscar-cityaffectseverycontinent;growingpopulationsandhigherwateruseoverthepastcenturyareincreasingthenumberofregionsthatarereachingthelimitofsustainablewateruse.ToquoteBenjaminFranklin,theAmericaninventor,statesman,andfoundingfather,‘‘Whenthewellisdry,weknowtheworthofwater.”Now,morethanever,theworldislookingtoitsengineers,sci-entists,andpolicymakerstocomeupwithnewwaystomanageriversystemsinordertoensurethatthe‘‘well”doesnotrundry,andtomakesurewaterisusedef?cientlyandfairly.Inrecentyears,Australiahasconfronteditswaterissuesheadon.Ourapproachtoensurethatwaterusecanbesustainedacrossmultiplegovernmentboundariescouldwellbecomeatemplateforothernationstofollow.Althoughitisanaridcontinent,Australiaisamajorfoodproducerandexporter.Accordingtothelatestof?cialforecastbytheAustralianBureauofAgriculturalandResourceEco-nomicsandSciences(ABARES),farmproductioninAustraliawillbeworth61billionAUDtotheeconomyoverthecomingyear,andexportswillbewortharound47billionAUD.MuchofthiscomesfromtheMurray–DarlingBasin,agloballysigni?cantareathatcov-ersmorethanamillionsquarekilometersand23riversystemsacrossfourstatesoftheAustralianSoutheast.TheMurray–DarlingBasinishometomorethantwomillionpeopleandisthenation’sprimaryfoodbowl.In2007,followingtheworstdroughtonrecord,morethan50yearsofincreasingwaterextractions,growingevidenceofenvironmentalharm,andargumentsbetweenregionsoverwater-sharingarrangements,itbecameclearthatnationalleadershipwasrequired.TheresultwasthenewMurray–DarlingBasinPlan,whichbecamelawinlate2012.Theplanhasaclearobjective:toensurelong-termandsustainableuseofwaterinordertosafe-guardtheenvironmentandbalancetheneedsofirrigatorsandcommunitiesalongtheriversystems.TheMurray–DarlingBasinPlanrequiresareductionofaround20%inaverageannualwatertakefromtheMurray–DarlingBasin’srivers,whichisequivalentto2750GL.Thesocialandeconomicimpactofthisreductionisoffsettosomedegreebyasubstantialgovernmentinvestmentinpurchas-ingwaterlicensesfromthosewillingtosellthem,andbyinvestmentinmoreef?cientirrigationinfrastructure.Morethan10billionAUDhasbeenallocatedtothesewater-recoveryefforts,whichhavecurrentlyyieldedlicensesrepresentingmorethan2100GLonaverage.Thiswaterisbeingreturnedtotheenviron-menttoimproveitshealth.Amajorobjectiveoftheplanwastoseparatethevalueoflandfromthevalueofwater.EveryoneintheMurray–DarlingBasinnowknowsthereal?nancialworthofwater,andthisshiftinper-spectivedrivesarealchangeinhowthewaterisused.TheMurray–DarlingBasinAuthorityisthebodychargedwithdevelopingtheplan,overseeingitsimplementationwithstategov-ernmentagencies,andreviewingtheplanatleastonceeverydec-ade.TheworkoftheMurray–DarlingBasinAuthorityisbasedonthebestavailablescienceandevidence,andinvolvessubstantialconsultationwithimpactedcommunities.Onaninternationallevel,theMurray–DarlingBasinPlanisatthefrontierofsustain-ablewatermanagementthatcrossesmultiplegovernmentbound-aries.Itisuniqueinitsconsiderationofecologicalneedsalongsidesocialandeconomicdemands.Aninitial?ve-yearreviewhasfoundthattheplanisworkingwell.Theenvironmentisbene?tingfromincreased?ows,waterrightsarebeingtradedforhighervalueuse,andallstakeholdersalongtheriversystemsareawareofthetruevalueofwater.Theresultsafter?veyearsshowthatthereismorewaterintheriversandinadjacent?oodplainwetlands,andthatirrigationthatuseswatermoreef?-cientlycanmaintainorenhanceagriculturalproduction.Allofthesechangeshaveledtogreateref?cienciesandmore?exiblefarmingpractices—andtoanewfocusontheengineeringandagronomicsolutionsthatarerequiredtomanagewaterinthe21stcentury.Thegreatcivilengineeringprojectsofthepast100yearsbuiltdams,weirs,barrages,andlockstohelpcontroltheriver,alleviate?oodrisks,andopenupvastareasforirrigationandfoodproduc-tion.Lookingforward,moreinfrastructureprojectsandimprove-mentsareneeded—anditisherethatAustraliacanlearnfromthemajorcivilengineeringprojectsinChina,suchastheHuaiRiverBasinProject.However,newkindsofengineeringsolutionsarealsoneeded.N.Andrew/Engineering4(2018)586–587587In2018,Australia’sfarmersarehungryforthenewtechnolo-giesthathelptodriveef?cienciesandproduction.Farmingpracticeshavechangedsigni?cantlyoverthepastcentury,andtoday’sfarmersarejustascomfortablewithacomputerkey-boardastheyareinthecabofatractor.AcrosstheMurray–DarlingBasin,manyfarmersnowusetotalchannel-controlsystemsandsmartmeterstomonitorandcontrolthewatersup-plytotheircrops.Soilmoisturecanbeactivelymeasured,withwaterbeingdeliveredtoplantsandcropswhenandwhereitisneeded.GPSsatellitesguidefarmequipmentacrossthe?elds,andgrazierscanreleasewaterforlivestockwiththeclickofacomputermouse.Thankstoengineeringandtechnologicaladvances,riverauthoritiesarenowharnessingsatellitetechnologytomonitorenvironmental?owsandcatchmentlevelsacrosstheMurray–DarlingBasin.Smartmetersarealsobeingusedtomeasurewaterallocations.Thesearevaluablenewtoolsthathavestrengthenedcomplianceandcon?denceinthewatermarkets.Watermanagementandirrigationarecontinuouslyevolvingtobecomemoreef?cient.AnumberofprojectscurrentlyunderdevelopmentwithintheMurray–DarlingBasinwillfurtheropti-mizethedeliveryofwaterforbothhumanuseandenvironmen-taloutcomes,andwillimprovewateruseef?ciencybothonandofffarms.Nevertheless,moreneedstobedonetostrengthencollabora-tion,improvedatacollection,andimproveef?cienciesoverthenext?veyearsandbeyond,inordertopreparetheMurray–DarlingBasinforasustainablefutureinwhichtheenvironment,industry,andcommunityareallbetteroff.Overthenext?veyears,thetoolsneededtodeliverahealthyworkingMurray–DarlingBasinwillbefullyengaged.ToensurethattheMurray–DarlingBasinPlansucceeds,theMurray–DarlingBasinAuthorityiscommittedtoapplyingwhatwehavelearnedthroughtransparentandevidence-baseddecision-making,andtobeguidedbyourrespon-sibilitytomanagetheMurray–DarlingBasin’swaterresourcesinthenationalinterest.Engineering 2 (2016) xxx–xxxContents lists available at ScienceDirect

Engineering

Topic Insights工程师——可持续用水的关键Neil AndrewChair of Australia’s Murray–Darling Basin Authority and Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering, Australia尽管澳大利亚以世界上最干旱的有人居住的大陆而闻名,但水资源短缺并不仅仅局限于一个国家。近几个月来,南非的长期干旱引发了一场切实而紧迫的水资源危机——该国第二大城市开普敦面临着缺水的危机。在印度,北方的夏季再次出现了严重的水资源短缺状况。据报道,许多地区的水龙头都已经干涸,一家政策智库警告称,在印度约有6亿人面临水资源紧缺的危机。联合国水资源署表示,水资源短缺影响着每个大洲;在过去的一个世纪里,不断增长的人口以及不断增加的用水量使得越来越多的地区正走向可持续用水的极限。用美国发明家、政治家、国父本杰明·富兰克林的话说:“当水井干涸时,我们才知道水资源有多珍贵。”现在,我们比以往任何时候都更期待整个世界的工程师、科学家和政策制定者能提出管理河流系统的新方法,以确保这口“井”不会干涸,并确保水资源可以得到有效公平的利用。近年来,澳大利亚正面临着水资源短缺的问题。我们确保跨多个政府边界可持续用水的做法,很可能成为其他国家效仿的榜样。尽管澳大利亚是一个干旱的大陆,但它是一个主要的食品生产国和出口国。根据澳大利亚农业和资源经济与科学局(ABARES)的最新官方预测,澳大利亚的农业产量在未来一年将达到610亿澳元,出口额将达到约470亿澳元。这些产值中的大部分来自墨累-达令盆地,这是一个覆盖面积超过100万平方公里、横跨澳大利亚东南4个州的23个河流系统的全球重要区域。墨累-达令盆地分布着两百多万人口,也是全国主要的粮食生产地。2007年是有史以来干旱状况最严重的一年,随着50多年来取水量的不断增加,越来越多的证据表明环境遭到严重危害以及各地区之间关于水资源共享安排的争论不断,人们清楚地认识到国家的领导对于解决这些问题非常重要。于是澳大利亚便出台了新的墨累-达令盆地计划,并于2012年年底将其纳入法律。该计划有一个明确的目标:确保水资源能够长期并可持续地使用,以保护环境并平衡河流系统沿岸的灌溉者和社区的需求。墨累-达令盆地计划要求墨累-达令盆地的河流平均年采水量减少约20%,相当于2750 GL。这项减少采水量的政策所产生的社会和经济效应在某种程度上被政府的大量投资所抵消,这些投资包括从愿意出售取水许可证的人手中购买取水许可证,以及投资于更有效的灌溉基础设施。澳大利亚政府已经为这些水回收工作拨款超过100亿澳元,目前已经获得了超过2100 GL水的取水许可证。这种水正被返回环境中以改善其水质。该计划的一个主要目标是将土地价值与水资源价值分离。现在,墨累-达令盆地的每个人都知道水的真实经济价值,而这种观点的转变推动水资源使用方式产生了实质性变化。墨累-达令盆地管理局负责制定该计划,并与州政府机构一起监督实施,至少每十年审查一次。墨累-达Author name et al. / Engineering 2(2016) xxx–xxx645令盆地管理局的工作基于现有的最佳科学依据,并与受影响社区不断进行协商。在国际层面上,墨累-达令盆地计划跨越多个政府边界,处于可持续水资源管理的前沿。它独特的地方在于它不仅考虑了社会和经济需求,也考虑了生态需求。拖拉机驾驶室里一样舒适。在墨累-达令河流域,许多农民现在使用全渠道控制系统和智能水表来监测和控制作物的供水。新设备可以主动测量土壤水分,在需要的时间和地点将水输送给植物和作物。全球定位系统(GPS)卫星可以引导农场设备穿过农田,牧场主只需最初五年的评估发现,该计划运作良好。环境受益于水流量的增加,水权被用来交易以获得更高价值的使用,河流系统的所有利益相关者都意识到了水的真正价值。五年后的研究结果表明,河流和邻近的河滩湿地中存储了更多的水,并且更有效地利用水的灌溉可以维持或提高农业生产效率。所有这些变化都带来了更高效、更灵活的农作方式,并使人们重新关注21世纪管理水资源所需的工程和农业解决方案。过去100年中,众多大型土木工程项目都建造了水坝、堰、拦河坝和水闸,以帮助控制河流、预防洪水,并开辟广阔的灌溉和粮食生产区域。展望未来,澳大利亚需要制定更多的基础设施项目并不断改进,可以向中国的主要土木工程项目学习,如淮河流域项目,但仍需要新的工程解决方案。2018年,澳大利亚农民迫切希望获得有助于提高效率、增加产量的新技术。在过去的一个世纪里,农作方式发生了巨大的变化,今天的农民使用电脑键盘就像在要点击计算机鼠标,就可以为牲畜释放水源。受益于工程和技术的进步,河流当局现在利用卫星技术来监测墨累-达令盆地的环境流量和蓄水能力,并利用智能水表测量水量分配。这些宝贵的新工具加强了水资源市场的顺应性和可信度。水资源管理和灌溉正在不断地向更加高效的方向发展。墨累-达令盆地内目前正在开发的一些项目将进一步优化供水方式,以供人类和环境使用,并将提高农场内外的用水效率。尽管如此,相关部门还需要做更多的工作来加强协作,提高数据收集能力,提高未来五年及以后的效率,为墨累-达令流域环境、工业、社区更好的可持续发展做好准备。在接下来的五年中,保障墨累-达令盆地正常工作所需的工具将全面投入使用。为了确保墨累-达令流域计划取得成功,墨累-达令盆地管理局致力于运用我们通过透明和基于证据的决策中学到的知识,以符合国家利益为责任和宗旨来管理墨累-达令盆地的水资源。

工程师 - 可持续用水的关键

Engineering4(2018)586–587ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectEngineeringTopicInsightsEngineers:TheKeytoSustainableWaterUseNeilAndrewChairofAustralia’sMurray–DarlingBasinAu
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