第二节 方法运用于命题
阅读理解的常考命题
1．细节理解题
细节理解题在高考英语阅读理解试题中所占比例最大，但这部分题目相对来说比较简单，只要通过题干的关键词，在文中找到题目的相关信息，仔细对比，就能得出答案。其正确选项特征为：同义替换、语言简化、正话反说等。其干扰项特征为：张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解
文意、颠倒是非等。
2．词义猜测题
高考阅读理解试题中对于词义猜测题的考查力度逐步加大。词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词或词组往往超出考纲范围。要做好该类试题需要：利用上下文线索猜测词义(重述、定义、举例、同义词或近义词、反义词等)；根据语法知识猜测词义；根据上下文逻
辑猜测词义；根据构词法猜测词义；根据常识或背景知识猜测词义等。
3．推理判断题
推理判断题考查考生根据字面意思，通过逻辑关系，研究细节，推敲作者的态度，理解文章寓意的能力。推理判断题涉及的可能是文中一句或几句话，甚至是文章或段落的主题，弄清正确选项或干扰选项特征是做题的关键。其正确选项特征为：立足原文，只推一步；一般不可出现绝对概念。其干扰选项特征为：曲解文意、张冠李戴、偷梁换柱、无中生有、鱼目混
珠、扩缩范围等。 4．主旨大意题
主旨大意题主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，以概括中心大意、段落大意、选择标题及判断作者写作意图等形式出现。其正确选项特征为：涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段；确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小；精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。其干扰选项特征为：过于笼统，不知所云；以偏概全，主次不分；移花接木，偷换概
念；无中生有，生搬硬套等。
注意 解答各类命题时往往是多法并举，而不是一种方法解决一种题。
(2017·天津，B)
Fifteen years ago，I took a summer vacation in Lecce in southern Italy.After climbing up a hill for a panoramic(全景的) view of the blue sea，white buildings and green olive trees，I paused to catch my breath and then positioned myself to
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take the best photo of this panorama.
Unfortunately，just as I took out my camera，a woman approached from behind，and planted herself right in front of my view.Like me，this woman was here to stop，sigh and appreciate the view.
Patient as I was，after about 15 minutes，my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would eventually take，I grew frustrated.Was it too much to ask her to move so I could take just one picture of the landscape？Sure，I could have asked her，but something prevented me from doing so.She seemed so content in her observation.I didn’t want to mess with that.
Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored.The woman was still there.I decided to take the photo anyway.And now when I look at it，I think her presence in the photo is what makes the image interesting.The landscape，beautiful on its own，somehow comes to life and breathes because this woman is engaging with it.
This photo，with the unique beauty that unfolded before me and that woman who “ruined” it，now hangs on a wall in my bedroom.What would she think if she knew that her figure is captured(捕捉) and frozen on some stranger’s bedroom wall？A bedroom，after all，is a very private space，in which some woman I don’t even know has been immortalized(使……永存)．In some ways，she lives in my house.
Perhaps we all live in each others’ spaces.Perhaps this is what photos are for：to remind us that we all appreciate beauty，that we all share a common desire for pleasure，for connection，for something that is greater than us.
That photo is a reminder，a captured moment，an unspoken conversation between two women，separated only by a thin square of glass.
语篇解读 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者主要讲述了自己十五年前暑假时在意大利南部城市莱切观光时的一次经历：作者拍风景时一位陌生的女士进入了作者的镜头。这张照片让作者联想到很多事情并引发了作者对人生的深层感悟。 41．What happened when the author was about to take a photo? A．Her camera stopped working. B．A woman blocked her view. C．Someone asked her to leave. D．A friend approached from behind. 答案 B
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解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“...a woman approached from behind，and planted herself right in front of my view.”可知，就在“我”拿出相机的时候，一位女士从后面走过来，正好停在“我”的视线前面，即“我”的视线被挡住(blocked)了，故选B项。 42．According to the author，the woman was probably . A．enjoying herself B．losing her patience C．waiting for the sunset D．thinking about her past 答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“She seemed so content in her observation...with that.”可知，选A项。
43．In the author’s opinion，what makes the photo so alive? A．The rich color of the landscape. B．The perfect positioning of the camera. C．The woman’s existence in the photo. D．The soft sunlight that summer day. 答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“...I think her presence in the photo is what makes the image interesting.”可知，作者认为，那位女士在照片中的存在使得这张照片有趣，即：那位女士在照片中的存在让照片变得很生动。故选C项。
44．The photo on the bedroom wall enables the author to better understand .
A．the need to be close to nature B．the importance of private space C．the joy of the vacation in Italy D．the shared passion for beauty 答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据第六段中的“...to remind us that we all appreciate beauty，that we all share a common desire for pleasure，for connection，for something that is greater than us.”可知，通过那张照片作者明白了：我们都欣赏美，都有着对快乐的共同渴望、对人际关系改善的共同期待和对超越自身价值的共同追求。由此可知，这张照片让作者更好地理解人们对美的共同热爱。
45．The passage can be seen as the author’s reflections upon . A．a particular life experience
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B．the pleasure of traveling C．the art of photography D．a lost friendship 答案 A
解析 推理判断题。本文讲述的是作者的一次特殊经历及由此产生的一些人生感悟，故选A项。
(2017·天津，C)
This month，Germany’s transport minister，Alexander Dobrindt，proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆)．They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.
The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles：the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.
Dobrindt wants three things：that a car always chooses property(财产) damage over personal injury；that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race；and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel—to check email，say—the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash.
“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt.It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers，he says.
Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers，consumers and lawyers.“The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all，”says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds，UK.
An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars，introduced earlier this year，insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.
But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars.“When you say ‘driverless cars’，people expect driverless cars，”Merat says.“You know—no driver.”
Because of the confusion，Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.
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Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own，says Ryan Calo at Stanford University，California.That is happening in the UK and Singapore，where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.
That would go down poorly in the US，however.“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，”says Calo.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。它主要介绍了德国交通部部长提出的适用于自主驾驶车辆的规章，能消除人们对于无人驾驶车辆的司机角色定位的困惑，有利于自主驾驶汽车的推广。
46．What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A place where cars often break down. B．A case where passing a law is impossible. C．An area where no driving is permitted. D．A situation where drivers’ role is not clear. 答案 D
解析 词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“...the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.”可知，death valley指的就是半自主驾驶和完全无人驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带，即：对司机角色的定义不清楚。故选D项。
47．The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to . A．stop people from breaking traffic rules B．help promote fully automatic driving C．protect drivers of all ages and races D．prevent serious property damage 答案 B
解析 推理判断题。第一段说Dobrindt提出第一套自主驾驶车辆的规章，将会定义自主驾驶车辆司机的角色，这个提议就是处理“death valley”这个问题的；第四段说交规的改变会准许全自动驾驶，而且会将完全无人驾驶汽车和有人驾驶汽车放到一个平等的法律地位上，由此推断，Dobrindt提出此建议的目的就是推广全自动驾驶。故选B项。 48．What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars? A．It should get the attention of insurance companies. B．It should be the main concern of law makers.
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(天津专版)高考英语二轮复习专题三阅读理解第二节方法运用于命题
