跨文化交际重点梳理 Definition of culture
Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed through the generations in an identifiable group of people.
重点1 Characteristics of culture(10)
1、Culture is shared
Culture is a system of shared values beliefs or patterns of behaviors held in a group ,organization or society. It is not property of any individual.
2、culture is cumulative
Human beliefs, arts etc. are results of many generations. Every generations can discover the new things.
The new knowledge are added to what was learned in previous generations.
3、culture is learned
Culture is not inherent with any people.
Culture can not be genetically and automatically passed down from previous generations.
And it should be taught and learned by people.
4、culture is adaptive
Culture is created by humans. Humans have to adapt the environment . thus is in development bears the trait of being adaptive
5、culture is dynamic
At the same time that new culture are added, and the old ones are lost because they are no longer useful.
6、culture is symbolic
Symbols generally serve as communicative tools for a multitude purposes, on a persons as well as culture level.
7 、culture is relational
Culture is an organic whole. All the components of culture are interlinked.
8 、culture is implicit and explicit
Some layers culture are easy to be observe, like eating , dressing, talking. But the ideas underlying the behaviors are generally hard to
know. Many scholars label the culture as iceberg.
9、 culture is universal 10 、culture is diversified
重点2 Hall’s dimensions
High context
High-context communication relies heavily on nonverbal, contextual and shared cultural meanings.
The meanings are not fully expressed.
Meanings are determined by “how” things are said , rather than “what” is said.
日本 欧洲东部和南部 阿拉伯 Collectivism
Low context
Verbal codes rather than the information implies Clear straight and to-the-point communication 美国 德国 斯堪的纳维亚 Individualism
Monochromic culture
Do one thing at one time, Concentrate on the job, take time seriously, low-context and need information, commit to the job, religiously to the plans, not disturbing others, seldom borrow or lend things, emphasize promptness
Polychromic culture
Do many things at once, subject to interruptions, consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, high-context and already have information. Change plans often. Emphasize the relationships.
重点3 Triandis’s individualism & collectivism
Individualism
Fosters independence and individual achievement, Promotes self-expression ,personal choice, individual thinking Associated with egalitarian relationships and flexibility in roles Understand the physical world as knowable apart of human life
Collectivism
Interdependence and group success Promotes adherence to norms
Associated with stable, hierarchical roles Shared property, group ownership
重点4 Elements of communication
Source (sender) Encoding Message Medium(channel) Receiver Decoding Response Feedback
重点5 Grice’s cooperative principle
Quantity maxim
Make your contribute as informative as is required for the current purpose of exchange.
Do not make your contribution more information than is required. （量的准则——话语提供充分而不多余的信息）
跨文化交际重点梳理 LN
