一块黑板
16. noise, voice, sound
这三个词都作“声音”解,在表示“听到声音”这个意思时,三者可以通用，但它们又各有特定的含义。
sound 作“声音”解,含义最广,指可以听到的任何声音,如:a weak sound 微弱的声
noise作“噪音,嘈杂声,吵闹声”解,指不悦耳,不和谐的声音，它既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词。如:Another kind of pollution is noise. 另外一种污染是噪音。
voice 作“声音”解时,多指人发出的声音,包括说话声、歌声和笑声。如:He shouted at the top of voice. 他高声呼喊。有时也用于引申意义,作“意见、发言权”解。如:I have no voice in the matter. 对于这件事,我没有发言权。 17. arrive, get, reach
三者均可表示“到达”,arrive后通常接介词at(一般用于较小的地方)或 in(一般用于较大的地方)?如:We arrived at the station five minutes late. 我们晚了5分钟到车站?又如:They will arrive in Paris next Monday. 他们将于下周星期一到达巴黎?
get之后通常接介词to。如:When we got to the park, it began to rain. 我们到达公园时,就开始下雨了。
reach是及物动词(较 get更正式),其后可直接跟地点名词做宾语(不能用介词)。如:He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到达北京。 三.情态动词
1.考查情态动词表示“推测”的用法
[考点快忆] 表示肯定推测的情态动词有：must“一定;准是”，may“也许;可能”，might“或许”;表示否定推测的情态动词有：can't“不可能”， couldn't“不会”，may not“也许不”，might not“或许不”;can表示推测时不用于肯定句，may表示推测时不用于疑问句。
2.考查情态动词引起的一般疑问句的答语
[考点快忆] 回答must时，肯定答语用must,否定答语用needn't或don't
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have to。回答need时，肯定答语用must,否定答语用needn't。回答may时，肯定答语用may，否定答语用mustn't 或can't。 3.考查情态动词的意义
[考点快忆] must “必须”;have to“不得不”; need “必须;需要”; can(could)“能;可能”;may (might) “可以;可能”; shall，will (would)“将;会;愿意;要”; should“应当”。
“had better (not) + 动词原形”表示建议;have to / has to / had to的否定，疑问形式要借助于助动词do / does / did。 四. There be 的句子结构
There be是一个“存在”句型，表示“有”的意思，
肯定句的形式为：There be + 名词(单数或复数)+地点状语或时间状语。 be动词单复数的确定，看be后边第一个名词，当所接主语为单数或不可数名词时，be动词形式为is;当所接主语为复数名词时，be动词为are;当be动词后接两个以上主语时，be动词与最临近主语保持数上的一致。意思为“某地有某人或某物”。如：
There is an eraser and two pens on the desk. 桌子上有一块橡皮和两支钢笔。
There are two pens and an eraser on the desk. 桌上有两支钢笔和一块橡皮。
(1)there be的否定句，即在be的后面加上not。 否定形式为：There be + not + (any) + 名词+地点状语。 There is not any cat in the room. 房间里没猫。 There aren't any books on the desk. 桌子上没书。
(2)there be句型的疑问句就是将be提到句首：Be there + (any) +名词+地点状语
肯定回答：Yes, there is / are. 否定回答：No, there isn't / aren't. -Is there a dog in the picture?画上有一只狗吗 -Yes, there is. 有。
-Are there any boats in the river?河里有船吗
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-No, there aren't. 没有。
(3)特殊疑问句：How many . . . are there (+地点状语) 某地有多少人或物回答用There be . . .
There's one. / There are two / three / some . . . 有时直接就用数字来回答。One. / Two . . .
-How many students are there in the classroom?教室里有多少学生 -There's only one. / There are nine. 只有一个。/有九个。
(4)如果名词是不可数名词，用：How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 地点状语
How much water is there in the cup?杯中有多少水 五. 中考对定语从句的考查： 一.定语从句的功用和结构
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如：
This is the present that he gave me for my birthday 二.关系代词和关系副词的功用
关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。
1. 作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：
I don’t like people who talk much but do little.
The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well. 2. 作宾语：She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday. The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”. 3. 作定语
关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：
What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?
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The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard. 4. 作状语
I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing. 三. 各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法 1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：
The person who broke the window must pay for it. The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever. 2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：
Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate? Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come. 3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：
The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today. I know the boy whose father is a professor. 4. which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：
A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words. Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday. 5. that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如： I’ve read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news. Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there? 6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：
I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left. 7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如： This is the house where we lived last year.
The factory where his father works is in the east of the city. 四. 关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面。 如：
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That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room
which we had lived in for ten years. 五. 具体使用时还要注意下列问题： 1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情况：
(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例如：
All that he said is true.
(2) 先行词被only, no, any, all,等词修饰时。例如： He is the only foreigner that has been to that place. (3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如： He was the second (person) that told me the secret. (4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。 This is the best book (that) I have read this year. (5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：
He talked about the people and the things he remembered. 2. 只能用which，不用that 的情况： (1) 在非限制性定语从中。例如：
The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted. (2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如： The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.
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(完整版)2020年中考英语重点知识归纳_中考英语精华知识点汇总
