测绘工程专业英语考试重点(包括单词)

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Forward intersection 前方交会 Space segment 空间部分 测绘工程专业英语考试重点

Geomatic测绘学

Geosciences地球科学 Geodesy测量学

Cadastral surveying地籍测量 Geodetic surveying 测量 Marine survey 海洋测量 Geological survey 地质测量 Control survey 控制测量 Horizontal survey 水平测量 Vertical survey 高程测量 Topographic survey 地形测量 Tacheometry 视距测量 Contour等高线 Chart图表 Fieldwork外业 Officework业 Elevation高程

Basic point 基准点 Benchmark 水准基点 Stations 测站 Geoid 水准面 Vertical垂直 Theodolite经纬仪 Monumentation埋石 Latitude纬度 Longitude经度

Prime meridian 本初子午线 Gravity field 重力场 Curvature 曲率

Fixed error 固定误差

Proportionnal error 比例误差 Multiplication constant 乘常数 Angle 角度

Zenith distance 天顶距 Circle 度盘 Azimuth方位角

Triangulation 三角测量 Traversing 导线测量

Triangulateration 边角测量

Control network 控制网

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Resection 后方交会

Side intersection 侧方交会 Traverse angle 导线折角 Open traverse 支导线 Close traverse 闭合导线

Close loop traverse闭合环导线 Connecting traverse 符合导线 Coordinate increment坐标增量 Trigonometric leveling 三高程测量

Horizontal 水平距 Rod plate 尺垫 Coordinates 坐标系 Geodetic 基准 Origin 原点 Parameter 参数

Map projection 地图投影

Equidistant projection等距投影 Equivalent projection 等积投影 Orthographic projection 正射投影

Differential correction 差分改正

Real time kinematicRTK实动定位 Cartograph制图学 Raster 栅格 光栅 Embed 嵌入

Resolution 分辨率

Data classification 数据分类 Topological relationship 拓扑关系aerial photogrammetry 航空摄测量

Remote sensing 遥感 InSAR干涉合成孔径雷达 Prism 棱镜

Blunder/gross error 粗差 Index error 指标差

Standard deviation 标准差 Mean square error中误差 Calibrate 校准

Normal equation 法方程 -------------------------- settlement observation 沉陷观测

deflection observation 挠度观测 property line survey 建筑红线放样

cross-section survey 横断面测量

geoid undulation 水准面差距 orthometric height 正高 very long baseline

interferometry 甚长基线干涉测量

connecting traverse 附合导线 zenith distance 天顶距

hydrographic survey 水道测量 工程测量 engineering survey 施工放样 construction layout or setting-out survey 竣工测量 as-built survey

参考椭球 reference ellipsoid 参考

卫星激光测距 satellite laser ranging(SLR)

重力场 gravity field 测量平差 adjustment of observation or survey adjustment

多余观测 redundant observation

点位中误差 mean square error of a point

粗差检验 gross error detection

自动目标识别 automatic target recognition(ATR 水准尺 level lod

平面控制网 horizontal control network

地籍测量 cadastral surveying or property survey

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1. Surveying is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of the earth that, on drawing them to scale, natural and artificial features may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical relationships.

测量是测定地面上各点的相对位置，以便根据它们之间正确的水平或竖直关系，按比例展示出天然地物和人工地物的一种技术。

2. The ordinary procedure in determining elevations, such as balancing backsight and foresight distance in differential leveling, automatically takes into account the curvature of the earth and compensates for earth curvature and refraction, and elevations referred to the curved surface of reference are secured without extra effort by the surveyor.

在进行高程测量的一般程序中，比如水准测量中保持前后视距相等，自动考虑和补偿了地球曲率和大气折光的影响，基于曲面得到的高程仍然是可靠的，不需要测量员对数据进行进一步的处理。

3. The type of surveying that takes that takes into account the true shape of the earth is called geodetic surveying. This type of survey of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is used to find the precise location of basic points needed for establishing control for other surveys. In geodetic surveying，the stations are normally long distances apart, and more precise instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying than for plane surveying.

这种类型的测量考虑到地球曲率的影响，被称为测量。这种类型的测量的特点是区域广、基线长，用来测定控制点的精确位置。在测量中，测站之间距离长，需要使用比平面测量中更精密的仪器和测量方法。

4. Distance between two points can be horizontal, slope, or vertical.

两点之间距离可以是水平的，倾斜的或垂直的。orizontal and slope distances can be measured with lots of techniques of measurement depending on the desired quality of the result. 水平距离和倾斜距离测量有多种方法，取决于测量的精度要求。

5. The advent of EDM instrument has completely revolutionized all surveying procedures, resulting in a change of emphasis and techniques. Distance can now be measured easily, quickly and with great accuracy, regardless of terrain conditions.

电子测距仪的问世给测量程序带来一场深刻的革命，导致了重点与技术的改变。不管地形情况如何，距离测量现在都变得简单、迅速，而且有很高的精度。

5. More complete EDM instruments also have the capacity of measuring horizontal and vertical or zenith angles as well as the slope distance. These instruments referred to as total station instruments.

更集成的电子测距仪除测量斜距外，同时还具备测量水平角、竖直角和天顶距的功能。这类仪器一般称之为全站仪。

6. Control networks range from small, simple and inexpensive to large and complex and very expensive to establish.

控制网的类型从小区域的、简单的、便宜的到大围的、复杂的、价格昂贵的不等。

7. The method of surveying called triangulation is based on the trigonometric proposition that

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if one side and three angles of a triangle are known, the remaining sides can be computed by the law of sines.

这种测量方法称为三角测量，是基于如下三角形定理：如果三角形的一条边长和三个角已知，那么其余的边长可以根据正弦定理计算得到。

Furthermore, if the direction of one side is known, the direction of the remaining sides can be determined. And the coordinates of unknown points can be computed by application of trigonometry.

此外，如果其中一条边的方向已知，其余边的方向就可以确定。故未知点的坐标可以由三角公式计算得到。

8. Since the advent of EDM equipment, traversing has emerged as the most popular method to establish control networks such as basic area control, mapping, control of hydrographic surveys and construction projects.

自从电子测距仪问世，导线测量已成为建立控制网最常用的方法，比如基本的区域控制，制图，水文测量和建筑工程的控制等。

9. In engineering surveying, it is ideal way to surveys and dimensional control of route-type projects such as highway, railroad, and pipeline construction.

在工程测量中，导线测量是线状工程的测量和尺寸控制的理想方法，比如公路、铁路、管线施工等。

10. An indirect measurement requires calculation and can be determined from its mathematical relationships to direct measurements when it is not possible or practical to make direct measurements. For example, station coordinates can be mathematically computed by measuring angles and lengths of lines between points directly.

当进行直接测量不可能或不实际时，间接测量值需要通过它与直接测量值之间的关系计算得到。例如，测站坐标可通过直接测量的角度和边长计算得到。 11. Whenever the surveyor conducts a field survey, no matter how simple or complex, he invariably makes more measurements than are absolutely necessary to locate the points in the survey. 不管测量员什么时候进行野外测量，无论简单还是复杂，他都不可避免的要进行比确定点的位置所必须的观测次数要多余的观测。

12. In a least-squares adjustment, the following condition of mathematical probability is enforced: The sum of the square of the errors times their respective weights are minimized. 在最小二乘平差中，遵守以下数学概率条件：误差与各自权重乘积的平方和最小。

In surveying, errors in measurements conform to the laws of probability, and they follow the normal distribution theory.

在测量中，测量误差遵循概率定律，服从正态分布。

13. Students are tempted to scribble notes on scrap sheets of paper for later transfer in neater form to the regular field book.

学生喜欢现在草纸上潦草地记录，然后再以比较工整的形式转抄到正规的野外手簿上。

14. This demonstration should make the student conscious of the need for care of these screws, which can become bound or even stripped if too pressure is applied.

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