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考研英语语法大全 - —自己总结

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The roads were dangerous. It had been raining for two whole days. 道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。 They were tired because they had been digging since dawn. 他们累了,因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。

The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike. He had been hoping for one for a long time. 那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。 9、一般将来时

一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式: (1)shall/will + 动词原形

表示单纯的将来,不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall 或will,其余用will. 其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下: 否定式 I shall/will not study…. You will not study…. He will not study…. 否定疑问式 Shall I not (shan’t i) study…? Will you not (Won’t you) study…? Will he not (Won’t he) study….? 例如: I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十岁。

The sky is black. I think it will rain. 天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。 You will meet him at the station this afternoon. 你下午会在车站碰到他。 The train will arrive soon. 火车快要到了。

When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢? He probably won’t go with us. 他大概不能和我们一起去。 注意:

1)shall, will的缩写形式为’ll, 如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等。

2)will 用于第一人称时,可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等;shall用于第二、三人称时,可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如:

I will give you a new pen for your birthday. 我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。(允诺) I will take the college entrance examination. 我将参加大学入学考试。(决心) Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗?(征求允诺)

You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到书就给你。(说话人的允诺) The enemy shall not pass. 决不让敌人通过。(说话人的保证) I will do my best to help you. 我愿意尽力帮助你。(意愿)

Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人开会都不能迟到。(说话人的命令) (2)be going + 动词不定式

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疑问式 Shall I study…? Will you study…? Will he study…? 简单回答(肯定/否定) Yes, you will. No, you won’t. Yes, I shall/will. No, I shan’t/won’t. Yes, he will. No, he won’t. ..

1)这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如: My brother is going to learn English next year. 我哥哥准备明年学英语。 I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。 She is not going to be there. 她不会到那儿去的。

When are you going to finish your work? 你的工作什么时候做完? He is going to stay a week. 他准备呆一星期。

We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我们准备开个会来讨论一下。 2)这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如: Look at these black clouds?it is going to rain. 看这些乌云?要下雨了。 I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪。

I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。 10、将来进行时 shall/will be + 现在分词

用法:将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内将会发生的动作。

This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 下星期这时候,我们将在那个工厂劳动。 When I get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting breakfast for me. 当我明天早晨起床时,我妈妈将在为我准备早饭。

I will be seeing him next month. 我下个月将要见他。

Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair. 我们明天去赶集。

We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July. 七月份我们要去海边度假。

一般将来时与将来进行时都表示将来,那么如何区别一般将来时和将来进行时呢?将来进行时不表示个人意愿,强调主观上感觉某事即将发生,并对这一事情有着期待,感情色彩较浓,强调动作。一般将来时主要是对某一事情即将发生做一个事实性的说明或陈述,强调事实或意愿。 11、过去将来时

(1)由should/would + 动词原形构成。第一人称用should; 第二、三人称用would。美国英语所有人称一律用would. should/would 的简略形式为’d, 如I’d, you’d; would not 和should not的简略形式分别为wouldn’t 和shouldn’t.

(2)过去将来时表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情,多用在宾语从句中。还可以表示过去的倾向或过去经常发生的事情。如:

They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon. 他们问我是否很快要去广州。 She told me she would come again next week. 她和我说她下周还来。

I told him to leave immediately, but he wouldn’t. 我告诉他马上离开,但他不。 He’d play the violin when he was in low spirits. 他情绪低落的时候,就拉小提琴。

When I was in college, I would find a part-time job during the summer holidays every year to earn my tuition. 我上大学的时候,每年暑假都找份临时工挣学费。 (3)其他表示过去将来时的结构: 12、将来完成时

shall/will + have + 过去分词

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用法:将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻之前完成的动作,这一动作也可能继续进行。例如:

By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good line. 如果火车运行正常,我们今天下午七点就到上海了。

Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed his work. 到上床睡觉的时候,小明会做完他的工作(或作业)。

By February next year this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years. 到明年二月,这个外国专家在这儿做这项工作就满五年了。

By Sept. 2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games. 到2008年9月,北京将举行完了奥运会。

二、被动语态 (一)简介

在英语中,语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态,即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态(active voice) 表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态(passive voice)表示主语是动作的承受者。如:

Saddam is being tried. 萨达姆正在接受审判。

The Iraqi government is trying Saddam. 伊拉克政府正在审判萨达姆。 More and more people use computers now.(主动语态) Computers are more and more widely used now.(被动语态) English is spoken all over the world. (被动语态) (二)英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异

汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了,用“被”“遭”“受”等词来表示,如“被捕”、“被杀”、“受到凌辱”等。而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂,用“助动词be+动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和时态的变化,而这正是英语被动语态的难点。 (三)被动语态的构成

被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词,因为不及物动词不能带宾语,也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有16个时态;被动语态常用的有8个,以give为例说明如下: 时态 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在进行时 过去进行时 过去将来时 现在完成时 过去完成时 ;..

动词形式 Am/is/are given Was/were given Shall/will be given Am/is/are being given Was/were being given Should/would be given Has/have been given Had been given ..

被动语态的疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号;否定式是在第一个助动词后加not或never等其他否定词、句末用句号。如:

“During the interview, were you asked questions in English?” “No, I wasn’t asked questions in English.” “面试的时候,用英语问你问题了吗?”“没有,没有用英语问我问题。”

The origin of the universe will probably never be explained. 宇宙的起源大概永远也不会被解释清楚。 Is the restaurant being decorated? 那家餐馆正在装修吗?

The restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the restaurant has never been decorated。 那家餐馆没有在装修。实际上,那家餐馆从来没有装修过。 (四)被动语态的用法

1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法,有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的,这时就用被动语态。例如:

I felt a littlie nervous when I was being interviewed. 我接受面试的时候,有点紧张。 These fighters are imported from Russia. 这些战斗机是从俄国进口的。 That place has been turned into a swimming pool. 那个地方已被变成游泳池。 2、说话或发表意见时,为了显得客观公正,也常用被动语态

He’s said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 据说/据信/据报道他在美国。 还有下列常用句型(that后面跟句子): It is said that……. 据说 It is reported that……. 据报道 It is hoped that……. 希望 It is believed that……. 人们相信 It is announced that……. 据宣布 it is (well) known that……. 众所周知 It has been decided that……. 已经决定 It is supposed that……. 人们认为 It is suggested that……. 有人建议

It must be remembered that……. 务必记住 It is taken for granted that……. 被视为当然 (五)主动句变被动句的注意事项

一是时态不能改变;二是变为被动语态后,谓语动词要和被动语态的主语在人称、数上保持一致。还要作如下变动:把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语;主动语态的主语放在by的后面,组成介词短语,再把这个介词短语放在被动语态的谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时,by短语可以省略。例如:

They will open a new supermarket there soon. 他们很快将在那里开办个新超市。 A new supermarket will be opened there soon. 一个新超市不久将在那里开办。 The doctor gave two lectures in English. 那位医生用英语讲了两次课。

Two lectures were given by the doctor in English. 由那位医生用英语讲了两次课。 Somebody has warned us to be careful of rats. 有人警告我们要当心老鼠。

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We have been warned to be careful of rats. 我们受到警告,要当心老鼠。

如果主动语态有两个宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语),变为被动语态时,可将其中任何一个宾语变为主语,另一个不变。但较常见的是将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语。

The reporters asked the president some questions. 记者们问了总统一些问题。 The president was asked some questions by the reporters. ( 变间接宾语为主语) Some questions were asked the president by the reporters. (变直接宾语为主语) We have given him a job. 我们已给了他一个工作。 He has been given a job. (变间接宾语为主语) A job has been given (to) him. (变直接宾语为主语) (六)含有情态动词的被动语态

句中含有情态动词时,其被动语态的结构是:情态动词+be+过去分词: The timetable can be changed any time. 时间表随时可以改变。

This book may not be taken out of the reading room. 这本书不允许带出阅览室。 This dictionary must be taken good care of. 这本词典必须保管好。 (七)关于被动语态的几点说明

1、有些动词形式上是主动,意义上是被动。例如: School begins in September. 学校九月份开学。

The library doesn’t open on Sunday. 图书馆星期天不开放。 The machine runs well. 这台机器容易操作。 My pen writes well. 我的钢笔好使。 The cloth washes well. 这料子耐洗。 The dictionary sells well. 这词典销路很好。 The book hardly sells. 这书买不出去。 The door will not shut/lock. 门关/锁不上。

2、make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中,不定式符号to必须补上。例如: They made him go. 他们让他去。 He was made to go. 他被要求去了。

I heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我听见他向他的朋友说再见。 He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 有人听到他向他的朋友说再见。

3、除助动词be外,动词get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态,是比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用by短语。例如:

I got lost in the huge market. 在那个巨大的市场中我迷失了方向。 You might get killed/hurt. 你会送命/受伤的。

In the end this story got translated into English. 这故事最后被译成了英文。 His car got damaged in a road accident. 他的车在交通事故中被毁了。 4、“have/get+宾语+过去分词”这个句型也表达了一种被动的意思。如: I’ll have the bike repaired in no time. 我一会就把自行车修好。

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考研英语语法大全 - —自己总结

..Theroadsweredangerous.Ithadbeenrainingfortwowholedays.道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。Theyweretiredbecausetheyhadbeendiggingsincedawn.他们累了,因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。Theboywasdelig
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