The psychological effects of stress
Selye (1976) identified the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) 一般适应综合症– a non-specific physiological response that occurs to a variety of stressful stimuli . Much research has investigated the 3 phases 阶段of the GAS .
Selye在1976年提出并确定了全身适应综合症这一症状群,它是指当遇到许多紧张性刺激时出现的一种非特异性的生理反应。许多的调查已经研究了GAS的三个阶段。
Definition of stress : ‘ A pattern of negative physiological and psychological responses occurring , in situations where people perceive觉察 threats to their well being which they may be unable to meet .’ Lazarus and Folkman (1984) .
压力的定义:当人们觉察到有威胁可能使自己的良好状态无法满足时,会产生一种消极的生理和心理上的反应的模式。 PHASE 1
ALARM REACTION 警觉期
The physiological response triggered 引发by stressful stimuli . 由紧张性刺激引发的生理唤醒
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Perception of stressful stimuli 紧张性刺激的觉察
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HYPOTHALAMUS 下丘脑
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Activates pituitary gland to release Activates the sympathetic branch of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) the autonomic nervous system 激活脑垂体释放 激活自主神经系统的 促肾上腺皮质激素 一个分支交感神经
↘ ↙ ADRENAL GLAND 肾上腺
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Activates adrenal cortex to Activates adrenal medulla to release release corticosteroids adrenaline and noradrenaline . 激活肾上腺皮质释放皮质类固醇 激活肾上腺髓质释放肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素
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Activates immune system to repond , Activates fight or flight reactions of inhibits tissue inflammation , increased heart and breathing rate , release energy from the liver ,etc . blood pressure , muscle tension,etc . 激活免疫系统反应, 通过心跳和呼吸频率,血压的增加, 抑制组织炎症,通过肝脏释放能量等。 肌肉紧张等来激活战斗或逃跑反应。
PHASE 2
STAGE OF RESISTANCE 抵抗期
If the stressor persists of is not dealt with , the body seeks to maintain arousal激发;唤醒at a constant常数;恒量if lower level .
如果紧张性刺激持续存在或未被处理,且身体唤醒水平较低,那么
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身体会力图维持一个恒定的唤醒水平。
Factors that could mediate调停 in the resolving 分解;解决or continuation 持续;延伸of stress arousal includes : 能调节解决或延续压力唤醒方面的因素包括 : Behavioural factors
Stress arousal will often not persist持久;坚持 if fight or flight behaviours deal with the stressful stimuli .Optimal 最好的arousal theory states that up to a certain level stress can provide a beneficial motivating 促发effect on behaviour (Selye called this type of stress ‘ eustress ’) . 行为因素
如果在处理紧张刺激时采取的是战或逃的行为,那么由压力引起的唤醒将不会持久。最优觉醒理论认为,一定程度的压力会对行为产生一个激励作用(Selye称这种类型的压力为'良性压力')。 Personality factors
Friedman and Rosenman (1974) argued that some people have ‘ Type A ’ personalities人格 that create and maintain保持;维持 high levels of stress in their life-styles .These people are often aggressive , competitive and highly driven被驱策 perfectionists 至善论者who will not delegate托付;授权;委派 and are impatient towards others .Type B personalities , however ,have a more relaxed attitude towards life that does not create ,exaggerate 夸张;夸大or maintain high levels of stress. Kobasa (1979) proposes 提出;认为that people with ‘hardly personalities’ are less vulnerable脆弱的;敏感的 to the effect of stress because , for
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