The psychological effects of stress
Selye (1976) identified the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) 一般适应综合症– a non-specific physiological response that occurs to a variety of stressful stimuli . Much research has investigated the 3 phases 阶段of the GAS .
Selye在1976年提出并确定了全身适应综合症这一症状群，它是指当遇到许多紧张性刺激时出现的一种非特异性的生理反应。许多的调查已经研究了GAS的三个阶段。
Definition of stress : ‘ A pattern of negative physiological and psychological responses occurring , in situations where people perceive觉察 threats to their well being which they may be unable to meet .’ Lazarus and Folkman (1984) .
压力的定义：当人们觉察到有威胁可能使自己的良好状态无法满足时，会产生一种消极的生理和心理上的反应的模式。 PHASE 1
ALARM REACTION 警觉期
The physiological response triggered 引发by stressful stimuli . 由紧张性刺激引发的生理唤醒
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Perception of stressful stimuli 紧张性刺激的觉察
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HYPOTHALAMUS 下丘脑
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Activates pituitary gland to release Activates the sympathetic branch of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) the autonomic nervous system 激活脑垂体释放 激活自主神经系统的 促肾上腺皮质激素 一个分支交感神经
↘ ↙ ADRENAL GLAND 肾上腺
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Activates adrenal cortex to Activates adrenal medulla to release release corticosteroids adrenaline and noradrenaline . 激活肾上腺皮质释放皮质类固醇 激活肾上腺髓质释放肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素
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Activates immune system to repond , Activates fight or flight reactions of inhibits tissue inflammation , increased heart and breathing rate , release energy from the liver ,etc . blood pressure , muscle tension,etc . 激活免疫系统反应， 通过心跳和呼吸频率，血压的增加， 抑制组织炎症，通过肝脏释放能量等。 肌肉紧张等来激活战斗或逃跑反应。
PHASE 2
STAGE OF RESISTANCE 抵抗期
If the stressor persists of is not dealt with , the body seeks to maintain arousal激发；唤醒at a constant常数；恒量if lower level .
如果紧张性刺激持续存在或未被处理，且身体唤醒水平较低，那么
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身体会力图维持一个恒定的唤醒水平。
Factors that could mediate调停 in the resolving 分解；解决or continuation 持续；延伸of stress arousal includes : 能调节解决或延续压力唤醒方面的因素包括 ： Behavioural factors
Stress arousal will often not persist持久；坚持 if fight or flight behaviours deal with the stressful stimuli .Optimal 最好的arousal theory states that up to a certain level stress can provide a beneficial motivating 促发effect on behaviour (Selye called this type of stress ‘ eustress ’) . 行为因素
如果在处理紧张刺激时采取的是战或逃的行为，那么由压力引起的唤醒将不会持久。最优觉醒理论认为，一定程度的压力会对行为产生一个激励作用（Selye称这种类型的压力为'良性压力'）。 Personality factors
Friedman and Rosenman (1974) argued that some people have ‘ Type A ’ personalities人格 that create and maintain保持；维持 high levels of stress in their life-styles .These people are often aggressive , competitive and highly driven被驱策 perfectionists 至善论者who will not delegate托付；授权；委派 and are impatient towards others .Type B personalities , however ,have a more relaxed attitude towards life that does not create ,exaggerate 夸张；夸大or maintain high levels of stress. Kobasa (1979) proposes 提出；认为that people with ‘hardly personalities’ are less vulnerable脆弱的；敏感的 to the effect of stress because , for
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专业英语课本翻译—The psychological effects of stressP188
