英语十大词性
一、词类:英语词类分十种:
名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代词(pron.): 主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it .
3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.): 表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、动词(v.): 表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see .
6、副词(adv.): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:
now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the.
8、介词(prep.): 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、连词(conj.): 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.
二、名词:
1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:
1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。 专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如:Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国) 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange; ▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil,
population, information .
2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。 1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:
①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches. [注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos. ③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不规则变化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish
→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk. 3、名词所有格:
1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如:Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教师节) (3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾
加’s. 如:
today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息), China’s population(中国的人口).
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示
所有关系。如:
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
典型题分析:
1.Several _____ are talking under the tree.And they are______. A.woman;children B.woman;child C.women;children 2.—How far is your school from here?
—Not very far.It's about twenty walk.(2000杭州)
A.minute's B.minutes C.minutes' 3. There are three in my family. (2004长春)
A.people B. person C. child 4. Most students can go to college for further in our city. A. education B. information C.science
5. This is bedroom. The twin sister like it very much. A. Ann and Jane B. Ann and Jane’s C.Ann’s and Jane’s 根据所给单词的正确形式填空:
1. Different people may have different _____. (idea) 2. I often go to work on . (foot) 3. I know one of the . (boy)
4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of . (glass) 5. Please give them their . (photo) 6. Are there any in the box? (watch) 7. There are twelve in a year. (month) 8. Would you like some ? (tomato)
9. Look at those in the boats! (people) 10. Look! The are singing. (woman) 11. September 10th is Day. (teacher) 12. Jim has some . (knife)
13. How much are these ? (vegetable)
14. My school is twenty ________ walk from here. (minute) 15. The girl under the tree is a friend of________. (Lucy
二、代词;
1.概念:代替名词的词。 2.英文表达:pronoun
3.英文缩写:pron.
1、代词的分类:代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的
功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。 练习:请用n. pron.标注出下列单词的词性
grandpa it she skirt teacher he pen kite this book we that brother you school I chair sun 2、人称代词:人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。 第三人称单数 第一第二第一人 第二人 阳性 阴性 中性 人称人称第三人称复数 称单数 称单数 复数 复数 you he she it we you 主 I they (他(你) (他) (她) (它) (我(你们,她们,格 (我) 们) 们) 它们) you him her it us you 宾 me them (他(你) (他) (她) (她) (我(你们,她们,格 (我) 们) 们) 它们) 通常,主格作主语,宾格作宾语
通常,当单数的主格作主语时,谓语动词用单数;复数的的主格作主语
时,谓语动词用复数。 Eg. He is my friend. It‘s me.
They are from China. She lent me a book. I love it.
Are you interested in them?
3、物主代词:说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。 第三人称单数 第一人第二第一人 第二人 第三人称复数 阳性 阴性 中性 称复 人称称单数 称单数 数 复数 your his her its our your 形容 my their (他们的,她(你的) (他(她(它(我们(你们们的,它们的) 词性 (我的) 的) 的) 的) 的) 的) his hers its ours yours theirs(他们的,她名词 mine Yours (你的) (他(她(她(我们(你们们的,它们的) 性 (我的) 的) 的) 的) 的) 的) 形容词性物主代词=形容词,位于名词的前面名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词,之后不接名词。
Eg. I like his car.
Our school is here and theirs is there. This is your picture. And that is mine.
4、反身代词:表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。 第一人 第二人 第三人称单数 第一人称第二人称第三人称复数 称单数 称单数 阳性 阴性 中性 复数 复数 myself yourselhimself herself itself ourselves yourselvethemselvef (我自己) (他自(她自(它自(我们自s s (他们/(你自己) (你们自她们/它己) 己) 己) 己) 己) 们自己) 反身代词的作用: 1.用作同位语(加强被修饰词的语气,紧放在被修饰名词后, 或句末): The box itself is not so heavy. You said it yourself.
2. 用作宾语(动词或介词的宾语): Take good care of yourself. 3. 用作表语
The poor boy was myself.
5、指示代词: 指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。
单数 复数 含义 this(这个) these(这些) 指较近的人和物 that(那个) those(那些) 指较远的人和物 such (这样的人/物) 指上文提过的人和物 same (同样的人/物) 指和上文提过的相同的人和物 it (这人/这物) 指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时 指示代词既可以单独使用做句子的主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词。如:
What’s this?(这是什么?) / That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飞机是塑料做的)(被动句) / Remember never to do such things.(记得永远不要做这样的事情) / Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老师说的做)/ ---Who is it?(是谁?) ---It’s me!(是我!)
6、关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导定语从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。
He is the man whom you have been looking for. I hope I can find a job that I can devote myself to. This is the book whose covering is old. That is the same food as you want.
7、连接代词:用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句的连接词称连接代词。 英语中连接代词主要有:what(什么),who(谁),whom(谁),which(哪
个),whose(谁的)。详见相应从句。
8、不定代词:代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。 单数 each either, the other, 复合不 / / one so (every) neither another 定代词 含义 some no 不可数 any none little, much all / / / / / a little 含义 9、相互代词:表示相互关系的词叫相互代词。 each other ,one another是相互代词,译成“互相”,可以通用。each other表示两者之间,而one anther表示许多人之间。它们有所有格形式each other’s ,one another’s。如: We must help each other when we are in trouble.(我们身处困境时要互相帮助。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他们坐在那儿,互相都不说话。) 10、疑问代词:用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词。
疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)
What are you? Who is his coat? Whose bag is this?
Which do you prefer? The blue one or the white one? Could you tell me what is his name? 练习:
1.He shouted louder to the runners, but he still couldn't make _____ heard. A. him B. himself C. them D. themselves
2.There are flowers and trees on ____ sides of the river. A. every B. both C. either D. all
3.She has three good friends. One is a doctor; ___ are teachers of Chinese. A. another B. the other two C. other D. others
4.Before handing in your compositions, please correct the mistakes in each line if____. A. so B. no C. any D. some
1.______(我) am a worker. _______(你) are a doctor. _______(她) is a teacher. 2.This is_____ (他的 )shirt. 3. This is __________(我的)pen.
4._________(他们的) trousers are there.
5. I like this picture. Please give ________(它) to_____(我). 6. People get ________(他们的) money from_________(我).
7._______(他们) are new students. _______(他们的) names are Lucy and Lily. 8. These are _______(我们的) shoes. Can ______(我们) wear ______(它们). 9.Thank _______ for _______(你的) help.
10. _______(他) loves _______(她), and _______(她) loves _______(他),too.