6.1.1 traditional ceramic and advanced ceramic译文

Traditional ceramic and advanced ceramic

Hello, everybody, today we are going to talk about ceramic. Ceramic can be divided into traditional ceramic and advanced ceramic. 译文：

大家好，今天我们要谈论陶瓷。陶瓷可分为传统陶瓷和现代陶瓷。

Traditional ceramics are usually heavy, fragile, and not suitable for use as structural or load-bearing materials. The modern age demands lighter materials that have great strength at the high temperature and maintain their strength at high temperatures while subjected to impact forces.

传统陶瓷通常重,脆弱,不适合作为结构和承载材料。现代社会对材料要求是更轻，在高温下具有更高的耐冲击强度。 译文：

传统陶瓷通常重,脆弱,不适合作为结构和承载材料。现代社会对材料要求是更轻，在高温下具有更高的耐冲击强度。

Today, we can use our expanding scientific knowledge and technologies to help us to develop new materials with the properties necessary to meet new applications demanded by society, the greatest demands for which comes from the land, sea, air, and space industries. These industries require construction materials that are the lightweight so that the energy required for the movement of vehicles is minimized. The definition of traditional ceramic does not fully describe new, technical, engineering, or advanced ceramic. 译文：

今天，我们可以利用我们不断扩大的科学知识和技术来帮助我们开发新材料，以满足各种新应用的需求，以及来自陆地、海洋、航空和航天工业的最大需求。这些行业需要的建筑材料是轻量型的，因此能够减少运输所需要的能量。传统陶瓷的定义并不能完全描述新的、技术的、工程的或先进的陶瓷。 This Table compares some of the properties of ceramics and metals. 给表 译文：

这张表比较了陶瓷和金属的一些性质。

In this table, we can see that some characteristics of metals and ceramics are different, for example, some properties, such as tensile strength, ductility, and impact strength. Ceramic is poor in comparison with metal. However, hardness and shear strength for ceramic are high.

在表当中，我们可以看到金属和陶瓷的某些特性是不同的，例如，一些性能，如抗拉强度，延展性，与金属相比，陶瓷是很差的。然而，陶瓷的硬度和剪切强度是很高的。 译文：

在表中，我们可以看到金属和陶瓷的某些特性是不同的，例如，一些性能，如抗拉强度，延展性，冲击强度。与金属相比，陶瓷是很差的。然而，陶瓷的硬度和剪切强度是很高的。

Ceramic compounds can be defined as inorganic compounds made by heating clay or other mineral matter to the high temperatures at which they partially melt and bond together. 陶瓷化合物可以被定义为由加热粘土或其他矿物物质制成的无机化合物，在高温下熔化并结合在一起。 译文：

陶瓷化合物可以被定义为由加热粘土或其他矿物物质制成的无机化合物，在高温下熔化并结合在一起。

For example, adobe bricks are ceramics that are made of mud that has been dried in the sun. They include both crystalline and amorphous materials. 译文：

例如，土坯砖是由在阳光下晒干的泥制成的陶瓷。它们包括晶相和非晶相材料。Now ceramics are synthetically developed from rather simple chemical compounds, but advances in processing have provided greater control over their structures and particularly in their electrical, magnetic，and optical properties. One characteristic these new ceramics possess that traditional ceramics do not is their high purity, which is the basis for their improved properties.

现代陶瓷已不是简单的化合物了，先进的制备技术提供了对材料结构的控制，从

而获得性能的改进，特别是在电、磁性、光学等性质。现代陶瓷原料具有高纯度，这是传统陶瓷所不具备的, 高纯度是改善性能的基础。 译文：

现代陶瓷已不是简单的化合物, 先进的制备技术提供了对材料结构的控制, 从而获得性能的改进, 特别是在电、磁性、光学等性质。现代陶瓷原料具有高纯度，这是传统陶瓷所不具备的, 高纯度是改善性能的基础。

Some examples of advanced ceramic include oxide ceramics, such as alumina, beryllia, and zirconia, and nonoxide ceramics, which are represented by carbides and nitrides such as boron carbide, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride.

现代陶瓷包括氧化物，比如氧化铝，氧化铍，氧化锆，还有非氧化物，比如碳化硼，碳化硅和氮化硅。 译文：

现代陶瓷包括氧化物，如氧化铝，氧化铍，氧化锆，还有非氧化物，如碳化硼，碳化硅和氮化硅。

Figure lists some differences between traditional and advanced ceramics, including some applications for each category of ceramic. Ceramic definition is given in this figure. Ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic materials processed or consolidated at high temperature. 译文：

图中列出了传统和现代陶瓷之间的一些差异，包括对每种陶瓷一些应用。图中也给出了陶瓷的定义。陶瓷是指在高温下制备无机材料和非金属材料，或是这些材料混合的。

Traditional ceramics are based primarily on the natural raw materials of clay and silicates. It can be apply for clay products, glass and cement. 传统陶瓷原料主要是天然粘土和硅酸盐，主要用于粘土产品，玻璃和水泥。 译文：

传统陶瓷原料主要是天然粘土和硅酸盐，主要用于粘土产品，玻璃和水泥。 Advanced materials include artificial raw materials, exhibit specialized properties, require more sophisticated process. It can be used in structural materials, electronic materials, and optical materials.

现代陶瓷原料主要是人工合成料，由于赋予特殊性能，需要更复杂的过程。在电，热，光，磁等方面应用非常广泛，精细陶瓷，现代陶瓷，高技术陶瓷，特种陶瓷统称为Advanced ceramic. 译文：

现代陶瓷原料主要是人工合成料，由于赋予特殊性能，需要更复杂的过程。在电，热，光，磁等方面应用非常广泛，精细陶瓷，现代陶瓷，高技术陶瓷，特种陶瓷统称为Advanced ceramics.

Advanced ceramics have become the focus of attention in sci-tech applications because they offer the designer properties such as light weight, good strength at elevated temperatures, and wear resistance. 译文：

先进陶瓷已成为科技应用中关注的焦点，因为它们具有重量轻、高温度强度大、抗磨损等特点。

Many of these ceramics are composites that are reinforced with whiskers and fibers to improve their fracture toughness, so they do not break catastrophically as we generally expect dishes and coffee cups to do when we drop them. The wear resistance of ceramics makes them valuable as coatings for cutting tools，surgical instruments, and punches. 译文：

这些陶瓷是用晶须和纤维增强的复合材料，以改善其断裂韧性，因此它们不会像我们通常所期望的盘子和咖啡杯那样，在掉落它们的时候，会发生灾难性的碎裂。陶瓷的耐磨性使得它们可作为刀具,手术器械，凿子的涂层。

Another Figure is a sort of ceramic materials based on their applications. From this figure, traditional ceramic materials include clays, refractories, glass, cement and abrasives. But for advanced ceramic materials, it composes of oxides, nitrides, and carbides, which can be used in many aspects such as bioceramics, rocket engines, ceramic matrix composites. 译文：

另一个图是根据陶瓷的应用进行分类。从图中可以看出，传统陶瓷材料包括粘土、

耐火材料、玻璃、水泥和研磨剂。但对于先进陶瓷材料，它由氧化物、氮化物和碳化物组成，可用于生物陶瓷、火箭发动机、陶瓷基复合材料等许多方面。 Note that ceramics can also be classified in other ways based on such differences as the way they are processed. New or advanced ceramics do not possess the plasticity and formability of clay when mixed with water, which needs new techniques in the processing. 译文：

值得注意的是，基于制备方法，陶瓷也可以有其他方式分类。新型或现代陶瓷在与水混合时不具有粘土的塑性和成形性，需要新的工艺处理。

In the ongoing search for superior materials that can be produced with a minimum of energy (such as low temperature, low pressure, and minimum number of steps), researchers have repeated the processing techniques in nature, termed biomicmickry or biomimetics.

为了寻求最少能量的制备过程以获得优质的材料，(如低温，低压和最小步骤)，研究人员模仿自然界中的一些过程，称为仿生学。 译文：

为了寻求最少能量的制备过程以获得优质的材料, (如低温,低压和最小步骤),研究人员模仿自然界中的一些过程，称为仿生学。

For example, seashells are intricate, lamellar ceramic composites made with low energy and at a nanometric scale, but yield complex patterns that hold promise for ceramic electronic devices and similar advanced applications. 译文：

例如，贝壳是一种复杂的、低能量和纳米尺度制成的多层陶瓷复合材料，但是复杂的生产过程可满足陶瓷电子产品和类似的现代应用。

With this discussion of advanced ceramics, could you expand on your list of ceramic materials found in the home? To sum up，ceramics encompass a wide variety of materials for which humans have found applications over the centuries. 总之, 陶瓷自人类发现后已经历了几个世纪。 译文：

关于先进陶瓷的讨论，你可否在你的家里发现现代陶瓷材料? 总之, 陶瓷自人类发现后已经历了几个世纪。

Here we just introduce the base concepts of ceramic, hope to see you next time. At that time, we will be talking more knowledge about ceramics. See you. 译文：

在这里我们只介绍陶瓷的基本概念，希望下次能见到你们，在那时，我们将谈论更多关于陶瓷的知识。再见