第九节 句 子
一、句子成分
1. 主语
主语通常由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词,不定式或动名词担任。 Jones is good at playing the piano. (琼斯擅长弹钢琴。) She went out in a hurry. (她匆匆忙忙地出去了。) Four plus four is eight. (四加四等于八。) To see is to believe. (眼见为实。)
Smoking is bad for health. (吸烟有害健康。)
The young should respect the old. (青年人应该尊重老年人。)
注意: ①形容词或分词前加the 可表示一类人,在句中可作主语或宾语,如上述最后一例。又如: The wounded were taken good care of there. (伤员在那儿得到了很好的照顾。) The living should go on with his work. (活着的人应该把他的工作继续下去。) ②从句也可以作主语,称为主语从句。
What he has just said is true. (他刚说过的话是真的。)
When we shall leave hasn’t been decided. (我们什么时候走还没有定下来。)
不定式,动名词以从句结构作主语时,为了避免头重脚轻,开头往往用形式主语it,真正的主语后移。 It’s no use arguing about it again. (再争论此事已无用处。) It’s easy to ride a bike. (骑自行车很容易。) It is a fact that the earth travels around the sun. (地球围绕太阳转是一客观事实。) 2. 谓语
谓语由动词构成,有简单谓语和复合谓语之分。 (1) 简单谓语
简单谓语由动词或动词词组组成。
Can you see the red flag on the top of the hill? (你看得到山顶上的红旗吗?) He looked after two orphans. (他照顾过两个孤儿。) (2) 复合谓语
复合谓语是由“情态动词或助动词+动词”构成,“连系动词+表语”也构成复合谓语。 He can speak English very well. (他英语说得很好。)
The work must be done before three o’clock. (这项工作在三点以前必须做好。) This film is interesting. (这部电影很有意思。)
(3) 如果不及物动词作谓语,则其后不可以直接加宾语,但可以在不及物动词后加介词再跟宾语。 We should depend on ourselves, not others. (我们应该依靠自己,而不是别人。) Don’t cry any more. (别再哭了。) 3. 连系动词和表语
(1) 连系动词是指一些本身具有词汇意义,但不能单独表达完整的概念,其后需要添加单词或短语的
部分动词。除系动词be (am, is, are were, was)外,常见的系动词有:
appear 看起来 keep保持 become 变得 look看起来 remain 依然是,保持 get 变得,得以seem看起来 stay 保持 grow变得、成为 fell 感觉,摸起来 continue 继续处于某状态
go 变得 smell 闻起来 prove 证明是 come 变得 taste 尝起来 turn 变得 make 成为 sound 听起来 run 变得 注意: ①连系动词不用于被动语态(若用作行为动词则除外)。 [正] The apple tastes sweet. (这种苹果尝起来很甜。) [错] The apple is tasted sweet.
② come和go都可作为系动词,表示“变得,变成”之意,但come大都与好的方面的转化相联系,而go大都与坏的方面的转化相联系。如:
come true 变成现实 come right 变好 go wrong 出问题 go bad 变坏了 go hungry 挨饿 go mad 疯了 go rotten 烂了 go sour 酸了 go red(脸)变红
③ 系动词get 有时可替换系动词be。“be+adj”表示静态意义。如:He is ill. 他病了。“ get+adj.”
则表示动态过程。如:get ill表示“患病,得病”,即表示从无病到有病这一动态过程。
(2) 表语
表语又称补语,是置于连系动词后并对其所表示意义的一种必不可少的补充,是对主语的说明和描述。 能作表语的成分既可以是一个词、一个短语,也可以是一个句子(表语从句)。 He will make a good athlete. (他将会成为一名优秀的运动员。) The war was over. (战争结束了。)
They seem to know the truth. (他们似乎知道真相。) Time is pressing. (时间紧迫。)
I’m not quite myself today. (今天我身体不太好。) Who was the first? ( 谁第一? )
He is out of condition. (他身体状况不好。) The window is broken. (窗户破了。) My hobby is painting. (我的爱好是画画。)
The question is whether it is worth doing. (问题在于是否值得做。) 注意: 作表语的名词、形容词和代词,其数必须与主语一致。 [误] The Chinese people are hard-working ones.
[正] The Chinese people is a hard-working one. (中华民族是一个勤劳的民族。) [误] My family are big ones.
[正] My family is a big one. (这家是个大家庭。) [误] My family is a football fan.
[正] My family are football fans. (我家人都是足球迷。) [误] 60% of the population of the factory is women workers. [正] 60% of the population of the factory are women workers. (这工厂60%的人口是年轻人。) 4.直接宾语和间接宾语
宾语可分为直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果。间接宾语表示动作是对谁做
的,或是为谁做的。
He doesn’t like the job. (他不喜欢这项工作。)
直接宾语
He said that he would return soon. (他答应要帮助我。)
直接宾语
We enjoy playing football. (我们喜欢踢足球。)
直接宾语
They offered me the job. (他们把那份工作给了我。)
间接宾语 直接宾语 (=They offered the job to me.) 直接宾语
I have bought you some chocolate. (我给你买了一些巧克力。)
间接宾语 直接宾语
(= I have bought some chocolate for you.) 直接宾语
5. 宾语补足语
有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明,这一部分内容称为宾语补足语。宾
语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。
I found the book very interesting. (我发现这本书很有意思。) Do you smell something burning? ( 你闻到什么东西烧焦了吗?) He made himself known to them first. (他先向你们作了自我介绍。) She asked me to lend her a hand. (她请我帮她一把。) We must kept it a secret. (我们必须对此保密。) Please make yourself at home. (请随便一点。) Please keep the dog out. (请把狗关在外面。)
I consider her as my best friend. (我把她看作我最好的朋友。)
注意:①主动语态变成被动语态后,宾语补足语变变成了主语补足语。)
He was last seen playing near the river. (有人最后一次看见他在河附近玩。) He was considered to have stolen the money. (有人认为是他偷了那笔钱。) The door was pushed open. ( 门被推开了。) The dog was kept out of the room. (狗被关在门外。)
He was caught cheating in the exam. (他考试作弊被当场抓住。) He was made monitor. (他被选为班长。)
②若复合宾语中,宾语部分过长(如不定式,动名词短语,宾语从句等),此时往往用形式宾语it,而真正的宾语后移。常见句结构有:
think / believe / feel / find / consider it + adj. / n. +to do sth. / that从句。“认为干某事??”。 make it a rule to do sth. 养成干某事的习惯。 6. 定语
可用作定语的词有形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、分词(短语)、不定式(短语)、介词
短语、副词、动名词或从句等。
He is a clever boy. (他是个聪明的孩子。)(形容词) He works in a steel works. (他在一家钢厂工作。)(名词) Her father is an engineer. (她的父亲是一名工程师。)(名词)
There are about fifty people at the meeting. (大约有五十人出席了会议。)(数词) Do you know betty’s mother? (你认识贝蒂的母亲吗?)(名词所有格) He bought some sleeping pills. (他买了些安眠药。)(动名词)
This is a most pressing problem. (这是一个非常紧迫的问题。)(现在分词) Is there any difference between spoken English and written English? (英语口语和书面语之间有什么不同吗?)(过去分词) 注意:
①形容词、代词、数词、名词、动名词、分词作定语时,通常放在被修饰词的前面,叫前置定语。
用介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、副词、从句作定语时,通常放在被修饰词的后面,叫后置定语。
The girl in red is his sister. (穿红衣服的女孩是他的妹妹。) We have a lot of work to do today. (今天我们有很多事要做。)
The girl standing under the tree is his daughter. (站在树下的那个女孩是他的女儿。) Do you know the man who spoke just now? (刚才发言的人你认识吗?) He was lost in the forest, and he couldn’t find a way out. (他在森林中迷路了,找不到出去的路。)
② 如果被修饰词为some, any, every, no等构成的不定代词(如: someone, anything等)时,则定语要放在这些词的后面。 There’s nothing interesting in this book. (这本书没什么意思。)
③ 不定式作定语时,要保证动词的及物性,若为不及物动词要加相应的介词。此时不定式可转化为
“介词+关系代词+不定式”。Please get me a pen to write with. (请给我找支钢笔写字用。) (=Please get me a pen with which to write.)
④ 名词作定语时往往用单数,但man/ woman的数和中心词一致,sports, sales, customs, clothes等以
复数形式作定语。
a man / woman doctor 一位男/女医生 two men / women doctors 两位男/女医生 the sports meeting 运动会 a sales girl 一位女售货员
a customs officer 一位海关工作人员 a clothes shop 一家服装店
7. 状语
状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或句子,可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、伴随、条件、程度、让步、频率等。
I’ll be back in a while. (我一会儿就回来。) (时间状语) Having done his homework, he went swimming. (做完作业后,他游泳去了。)(时间状语)
They are playing on the playground. (他们在操场上玩。)(地点状语) He was late for school because of the heavy rain. (由于下大雨,他上学迟到了。)(原因状语)
He often went to work by bus. (他经常乘公交车去上班。)(方式状语) This book is very interesting. (这本书很有趣。)(程度状语)
He waited to see the result of the game. (他等着看比赛结果。)(目的状语) It rained so hard that they had to put off the sports meet
(雨下得很大,他们不得不把运动会推迟召开。)(结果状语)
Please call me up if it is necessary. (如果有必要请给我打电话。)(条件状语) He often comes late to school. (他上学经常迟到。)(频率状语)
They continued to walk in spite of the heavy snow. (尽管下着大雪,他们还是继续前行。)(让步状语)
二、基本句型
根据动词的不同种类及其搭配特点,英语基本句型可归纳为七类: 1.主语+不及物动词(SV) They door opened. (门开了。) They laughed. (他们大笑了起来。)
The fruit store has closed. (那家水果店关门了。)
They have been singing and dancing for two hours. (他们又唱又跳已经两个小时了。) The plane will take off soon. (飞机很快就要起飞了。) They will fly to London. (他们将飞往伦敦。) 2.主语+不及物动词+状语(SVA) They lived in Beijing. (他们住在北京。)
Mr. White will be flying to Australia. (怀特先生要乘飞机去澳大利亚。)
注意 在SVA句型中,主动词仍是不及物动词,但其后必须带有状语,否则结构不全,意义不完整。这只限于少数动词的某些用法。 3.主语+连系动+表语(SVP)
此句型结构中的谓语动词是系动词,后接表语。常用的系动词除be, become, look, seem, appear, get, feel外,还有grow 变得,turn变成,remain仍然是,come 变得,hold保持,keep保持,stand保持,smell闻起来,sound听起来,taste尝起来等。如: The motor is out of order. (这台电机出了毛病。) Her mother has fallen ill. (她母亲生病了。)
The weather is getting quite warm. (天气变得相当暖和。) The roses smell sweet. ( 这些玫瑰气味很香。)
Silk feels soft and smooth. (丝绸手感(摸上去)又软又滑。) The plan sounds perfect. (这个计划听起来完美无缺。) His dream came true. (他的愿望实现了。)
注意 作表语的一般不能是-ly结尾的副词,否则句子不能成立。 4.主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO) She teaches English. (她教英语。)
He enjoys listening to music. (他喜欢听音乐。) The machine is drilling a hole. (这台机器正在钻孔。) The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once. (老师不止一次地改正她的错误发音。) 5.主语+及物动+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOiOd)
此句型中的谓语动词是带双宾语的及物动词。两个宾语中前一个为间接宾语,后一个为直接宾语。这类谓语动词除常见的以上提到的give, bring, tell, send, leave, pass, read, write, take, show, teach, get等以外,还有award授予,lend借,rent租,buy买,pay支付,hand传递,recommend推荐等。如:
This new way saved us much time. (这个新方法省了我们不少时间。) Could you do me a favor, please? (你能帮帮我吗?) I paid the repairman fifty dollars. (我给了修理工50元。) He ordered himself a soft drink. (他给自己要了一瓶软饮料。) Mr. Smith lent me his car. (史密斯先生把他的车借给了我。) I found him a new textbook. (我给他找一本新的教科书。) Can you spare me a few minutes of yours valuable time? (我能占用你几分钟宝贵的时间吗?)
The president awarded him the first prize.(校长授予他一等奖。) 6.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语(SCOCo)
此句型中的谓语动词是可以带复合宾语的及物动词,也就是说,这些动词除了有一个直接宾语外,还要加上宾语补足语,句子的意义才能完整。在宾语加宾语补足语构成的复合宾语中,宾语与其
句子部分



