非谓语动词（1）
非谓语动词复习重点、难点 非谓语动词试题解题方法：
1．非谓语动词的用法是一个系统性、综合性很强的语言点，切不可记住几个条条框框就去乱套。真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识：
① 具有句子结构的知识，要分得清简单句与复合句，陈述句与祈使句。 ② 具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识，要分得清双宾语和复合宾语。
③ 具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分得清及物动词和不及物动词，双宾动词和复宾动词。一些最基础最常用的动词的用法应当烂熟于胸。
④ 具备各种复合句的知识，能够拆析30词左右长度的复合长、难句。
2．理解分析非谓语动词的句法功能，重点掌握不定式、动名词作宾语的区别；不定式、分词作补语的区别；不定式、分词作状语的区别；独立主格的用法；不定式、分词作定语的区别。 3．解答考查非谓语动词的题目时，一定要保持头脑冷静。一般要遵循以下解题思路： ① 解析句子结构，确定设空在句子中充当的功能（如状语、定语或宾补）； ② 找准相关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系（主动还是被动）； ③ 搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式；
④ 将该选项置入空中，看是否能够做到字从意顺，或是否能传达有效信息、完成交际任务。
重点知识整合一 非谓语动词的句法功能
名称 不定式 动名词 现在分词 过去分词 主语 √ √ 宾语 √ √ 宾语补足语 √ √ √
重点知识整合二 分词、不定式作宾补用法要点
一、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别
1．感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等和使役动词have 后面的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词（不带to 的不定式）、现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行，过去分词表被动或完成，动词原形表主动和完成。如：
表语 √ √ √ √ 定语 √ √ √ √ 状语 √ √ √ I heard her sing an English song just now. 刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. 昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。 I heard the English song sung many times. 我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。
注意：不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态。如：
I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. (状态) I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. (完成)
2．leave 后接三种形式作宾补时，其中的leave 保留了原来之义“留下”，但表达的确切之义应是“使……处于某种状态）。 leave sb. doing sth. 让某人一直做某事
（宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系，表示动作正在进行。） leave sth. undone 留下某事未做
（宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系，表示被动和完成，一般以undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched 为多）
leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事 leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做 （不定式表示将来的动作。）
如：It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running. 你让机器一直开着是不对的。（主动，正在进行）
The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious. 客人们没有动大部分菜，因为它们尝起来不可口。（被动，完成） He left, leaving me to do all the rest work. 他走了，留下我一人去做剩余的工所有工作。（主动，将来）
We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled. 我们匆匆忙忙导结束了会议，留下了很多问题等待解决。（被动，将来）
3．have, get 后接三种形式作宾补时，其中heave, get 表示“使、让、叫”之意。 ① have sth. done = get sth. done “使/让某事由别人去做”（叫/让某人做某事）。如 I’ll have /get my bike repaired tomorrow.
此外，have sth. done 还表示“使遭受……”之意。如 Tom had his leg broken while playing football.
Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.
② have sb. / sth. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事（现在分词表示主动，正在进行） get sb. / sth. doing 使某人/物开始行动起来
如：The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time. 农忙时，农民们让拖拉机夜以继日地干活。
The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest. 休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。
注意：“have sb. doing”若用于否定句中，其中have 有“容忍”之意。如： I won’t have you speaking to your parents like that. 我不会让你那样子跟你的父母说话。
Don’t have the water running all the time. 不要让水流个不停。
③ have sb. do sth. (get sb. to do sth. ) 使/让/叫某人去做某事 如：Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt. I can’t get him to stop smoking. He won’t listen to me. 二、下列动词后跟带to 的不定式作补语：
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, think, wait for, call on, depend on 等。如：
① An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered to issue clear warning before firing any shots.
② The teacher asked us not to make so much noise.
③ The flu is believed to be caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. 三、不定式、现在分词作宾补
下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上to： 它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”——5看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）；3使（make, let, have）；2听（listen to, hear）；1感觉（fell）。以上动词还可用现在分词
作宾语补足语（5+3+2+1-2+4）：即以上动词除let, make 外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，此外find, catch, keep, lave 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。如： At that time, I found him crying in the street. He was caught stealing.
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time. The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.
重点知识整合三 不定式、分词作定语用法要点
一、不定式作定语
1．作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. There is nothing to worry about. Please give me a knife to cut with. Here is some paper for you to write on.
但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place 或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如：
He had no money and no place to live (in). We found a way to solve this problem (in).
2．当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较： Have you anything to send ? 你有什么东西要寄吗？ （不定式to send 的动作执行者是“你”）
Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？ （不定式to be sent 的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”） 3．用不定式作定语的几种情况： 不定式表将来：
I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.
用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词。如： He was the best man to do the job.
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.
用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如： Do you have the ability to read and write English ? I have to chance to go sight –seeing. 二、分词作定语
1．作定语的及物动词分词形式为：V –ing; being + 过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用V –ing；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用being + 过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。例如： The houses being built are for the teachers. The broken glass is Tom’s.
I have never seen a more moving movie.
2．作定语的不及物动词分词形式为：V –ing 和过去分词。V –ing 表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。如：
falling leaves 正落的叶子 fallen leaves 落下的叶子 boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 沸腾过的水（白开水） 三、不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区别
这三种形式作定语，主要是体现在动作的发生时间上。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。如： Have you read the novel written by Dickens ? He is a man loved and respected by all.
Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.
现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如： Listen ! The song being sung is very popular with the students. 不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。如：
The question to be discussed at the tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.
重点知识整合四 不定式、动名词作宾语用法要点
一、下面动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下列小诗： 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。
2017年高考英语一轮复习语法专题非谓语动词1讲新人教版必修5
