沈阳理工大学学士学位论文
摘 要
在现代电子技术的设计与开发过程中,特别是在通信、雷达、航空、航天以及仪器仪表等领域,都需要进一步提高一系列高精度、高稳定度的频率源的频率精度。这样,一般的振荡器已经无法满足各种应用的发展要求,而晶体振荡器的性能虽然比较好,但其频率单一,或只能在极小的范围内进行微调。
锁相环是一个相位误差控制系统。它比较输入信号和振荡器输出信号之间的相位差, 从而产生误差控制信号来调整振荡器的频率,以达到与输入信号同频同相。
本课题给出一种以单片集成PLL芯片74HC4046为核心,并通过AT89C51 单片机对74HC4046进行控制来实现锁相频率合成器的设计方法,设计一个由单片机、定时计数器及单片集成锁相环路组成的可编程控制频率合成器。本文在介绍了74HC4046芯片的内部功能结构的基础上,探讨了锁相频率合成器的基本原理和工作特性,给出了74HC4046的锁相频率合成器的硬件电路结构和软件程序设计方法。该设计经仿真测试证明,锁相效果良好,结构精简,性能可靠。 关键词:74HC4046; AT89C51; 频率合成器 I
沈阳理工大学学士学位论文
Abstract
In the design and development process of modern electronic technology, especially in communication, radar, aviation, aerospace, instrumentation and other fields, are needed to further improve the precision offrequency frequency source is a series of high precision, high stability. In this way, the oscillator has beenunable to meet the development requirements of various applications, while the performance of crystaloscillator is good, but the single frequency, or only in the context of minimal fine-tuning. Phase locked loop is a phase error control system. It compares the input signal and the output signal of the oscillator phase difference, thereby generating an error control signal to adjust the frequency of the oscillator, in order to achieve thesame frequency and phase with the signal input. This topic is to design a composed of single-chip, timing counter and monolithic integrated PLL Programmable control frequency synthesizer, so the design process will involve a phase locked loop, frequency synthesizer and the microcontroller knowledge. This paper presents a monolithic integrated PLL chip 74HC4046 as the core, and through the AT89C51 MCU to control 74HC4046 to realize the design method of PLL frequency synthesizer. In this paper the basicfunctional structure of chip of 74HC4046, discusses the basic principle and working characteristics of PLL frequency synthesizer, the hardware structure andsoftware design method of PLL Frequency Synthesizer Based on 74HC4046 is given. The design of the simulation test, the lock-in effect is good, simple structure, reliable performance. Key words: 74HC4046; AT89C51; frequency synthesizer II
沈阳理工大学学士学位论文
目录
摘 要 ......................................................................................................................................... I Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... II 1 绪 论 ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 设计背景及意义 ....................................................................................................... 3 1.2 锁相环频率合成器综述 ........................................................................................... 3 2 基于单片机的锁相环频率合成器方案设计与论证 ......................................................... 4
2.1 课题研究的内容与要求 ........................................................................................... 4 2.2 方案的设计与选择 ................................................................................................... 4 2.3 设计原理 ................................................................................................................... 5
2.3.1 锁相环基本原理 ............................................................................................ 6 2.3.2 锁相频率合成器的基本原理 ........................................................................ 8
3 基于单片机的锁相环频率合成器设计方案 .................................................................... 10
3.1 硬件系统的设计 ..................................................................................................... 10
3.1.1 74HC4046 ..................................................................................................... 10 3.1.2 CD4522 ......................................................................................................... 15 3.1.3 LCD1602 ...................................................................................................... 16 3.1.4 AT89C51单片机 .......................................................................................... 18 3.2 软件系统设计 ......................................................................................................... 22
3.2.1 软件系统主程序流程图 ................................................................................ 22 3.2.2 键盘扫描流程图 .............................................................................................. 23 3.2.3 脉冲计数流程图 .............................................................................................. 24
4 电路仿真 .............................................................................................................................. 25
4.1 仿真软件介绍 ......................................................................................................... 25
4.1.1 proteus .......................................................................................................... 25 4.1.2 Keil编译软件 .............................................................................................. 26 4.2 硬件电路仿真 ......................................................................................................... 27
4.2.1 锁相环模块 .................................................................................................. 27 4.2.2 4522分频器模块 ......................................................................................... 28 4.2.3 单片机模块 .................................................................................................. 29 4.2.4 显示及按键模块 .......................................................................................... 30
结论 .......................................................................................................................................... 31 致 谢 ...................................................................................................................................... 32 参考文献 .................................................................................................................................. 33 附 录 ........................................................................................................................................ 34
附录A High Speed Digital Hybrid PLL Frequency Synthesizer .................................. 34
Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 34 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 34 DH-PLL synthesizer ................................................................................................. 35 Simulation results and discussion ............................................................................. 36 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 37
III
沈阳理工大学学士学位论文
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 37 附录B 高速数字混合锁相环频率合成器 ................................ 37
摘要 .......................................................................................................................... 38 1简介 ....................................................................................................................... 38 2.DH-PLL合成器 .................................................................................................... 38 3 仿真结果与讨论 .................................................................................................. 39 4 结论 ...................................................................................................................... 39 参考文献 .................................................................................................................. 40 附录C 程序代码 ..................................................... 40 附录D 仿真结果 ..................................................... 44 IV
沈阳理工大学学士学位论文
1 绪 论
锁相环路(PLL)是一个能够跟踪输入信号相位的闭环自动控制系统,它在无线电技术的各个领域得到了很广泛的应用。锁相环路有其独特的优良性能,它具有载波跟踪特性,作为一个窄带跟踪滤波器,可提取淹没在噪声之中的信号;用高稳定的参考振荡器锁定,可作提供一系列频率高稳定的频率源;可进行高精度的相位与频率测量等等。它具有调制跟踪特性,可制成高性能的调制器和解调器。它具有低门限特性,可大大改善模拟信号和数字信号的解调质量。70 年代以来,随着集成电路技术的发展,逐渐出现了集成的环路部件、通用单片集成锁相环路以及多种专用集成锁相环路,锁相环路逐渐变成了一个成本低、使用简便的多功能组件,这就为锁相技术在更广泛的领域应用提供了条件。
锁相原理在数学理论方面,早在 30 年代无线电技术发展的初期就己出现。1930 年己建立了同步控制理论的基础。1932年贝尔赛什(Bellescize)第一次公开发表了锁相环路的数学描述,用锁相环路提取相干载波来完成同步检波。到了 40 年代,电视接收机的同步扫描电路中开始广泛地应用锁相技术,使电视图像的同步性能得到很大改善。进入50年代,随着空间技术的发展,由杰斐(Jaffe)和里希廷(Rechtin)利用锁相环路作为导弹信标的跟踪滤波器获得成功,并首次发表了包含噪声效应的锁相环路线性理论分析的文章,同时解决了锁相环路最佳化设计问题。在 60 年代,维特比(Viterbi)研究了无噪声锁相环路的非线性理论问题,并发表“相干通信原理” 一书。到70年代林特塞(Lindscy)和查利斯(Charles) 进行了有噪声的一阶、二阶及高阶锁相环路的非线性理论分析,并作了大量实验以充实理论分析。
当前,随着数字技术的发展及微控制器在电子系统中的广泛应用,在很大程度上改变了传统的设计方法,数字频率合成技术的应用也日益广泛。数字频率合成器应用于通信设备中,使得工作频率的选择变得极为简单而又精确。并且随着大规模集成电路(LSI)技术和单片微机技术的迅速发展,大大促进了数字锁相频率合成器集成化程度的提高和体积的缩小,满足了通信设备的高集成度和超小型化的要求。特别适合某些特殊场合的应用。
AT89C51 单片机是一种带 4K 字节闪烁可编程可擦除只读存储器(FPEROM—Falsh Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory)的低电压,
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