的确如此\。例如：
1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. Tom让我去踢足球，我去了。 2) ---It's raining hard. ---So it is. ---雨下得很大。 ---的确很大。
4. only放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），全句语序要部分倒装。例如：
Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 他被请了三次才来开会。
注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。
三 as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。此时应注意：1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词；2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 尽管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作満意。
注意: 让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
四 其他部分倒装
1. so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得动都不敢动。 2. 在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：
May you all be happy. 望大家开心愉快。
3. 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：
Were I you, I would try it again. 如果我是你，我就再试一次。
第七章 定语从句
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。
被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。 关系副词有：when, where, why, how。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。
定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1 、关系代词引导的定语从句
1) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2) whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如： Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作宾语)
关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法区别：
不用that的情况：
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用
We depend on the land from which we get our food. c) 多用who 的情况
①关系代词在从句中做主语
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend. ②先行词为those, people 时
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth. ③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时
One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work. ④在There be句型中
There is a stranger who wants to see you. ⑤在被分隔的定语从句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German. ⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定
语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.
There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。 He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.
c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
The first English book that I read was \d)先行词既有人，又有物时。
He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.
e)当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。 Who is the person that is standing at the gate. f)关系代词在从句中做表语
He is not the man that he used to be.
2 、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于\介词+ which\结构，因此常常和\介词+ which\结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
I'm surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem.
注意：
①在非限制性定语从句中，\介词+ which\结构不能代替关系副词。
如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves. ②含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。 Is this the book which (that) she was looking for?
3、名词/数词/代词 /形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.
There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard. There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.
4、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。
As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。 As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
用法区别：
(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 As we all know, he never smokes.
(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。
(3)非限定性定语从句中出现expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。 She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.
(4)As 的用法 the same… as; such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I should like to use the same tool as is used here. We should have such a dictionary as he is using.
定语从句语法专项练习习题精选
用适当的关系词填空：
1. I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.
2. I'll never forget the day________ we met each other last week.
3. Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there. 4. I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family. 5. I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together. 6. This is the school ______I used to study.
7. Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week?
8. Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition? 9. Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake? 10. Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake? 11. Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers. 12. I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.
13. There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA. 14. It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake. 15. It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.
16. It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. 17. The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(认出)you. 18. This is the very novel about____we've talked so much. 19. This is the way____he did it.
20. Who is the student _____was late for school today?
21. Who _____knows him wants to make friends with him? 22. What else was there in my brother____you didn't like? 23. He lives in the room____window faces to the south.
24. He lives in the room, the window_____faces to the south. 25. This is Mr. John for____son I brought a book yesterday. 26. This is Mr. John for_____I bought a book yesterday.
27. This is the hour_____the place is always full of women and children. 28. And there is one point ______I'd like your advice.
29. Winter is the time of year______the days are short and nights are long.
30. I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place____you may spend your weekend.
KEYS:
1. when 2. when 3. which 4. that/which 5. that 6. where 7. that/which 8. where 9. which 10. where 11. where 12. which 13. when 14. that 15. that
16. that 17. (that) 18. which 19. (that/in which) 20.that 21.that 22 that 23.whose 24. of which 25. whose 26. whom 27. when 28. that 29. that 30. where
第八章 被动语态
一、语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：
English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。
主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。例如： He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)
高中英语语法归纳总结
