不定式的时态和语态
时态\\语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。 He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。 2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 He seems to be eating something. 4) 完成进行时：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
动名词与不定式
1) 动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2) 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
3) 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：
stop to do stop doing forget to do forget doing
remember to do remember doing cease to do cease doing try to do try doing
go on to do go on doing afraid to do afraid doing
interested to do interested doing mean to do mean doing regret to do regret doing
begin/start to do begin/start doing
特殊词精讲 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。 I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择\to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事\。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。 stop doing/to do
forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做) forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。( 已做过关灯的动作) Don't forget to come tomorrow. 别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做)
典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh, I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth. 而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
remember doing/to do
remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做) remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。 Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
regret doing/to do
regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做)
regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做)
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。 I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. ---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感
到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。
cease doing/to do
cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。
cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。
That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。
try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企图做某事。 try doing 试验，试着做某事。
You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。 go on doing 继续做原来做的事。
After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习
be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为\怕\；
be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为\生怕，恐怕\。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。 She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
be interested doing/to do
interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。
interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)
mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想 mean doing 意味着
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
begin(start) doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.
1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.
How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？ 2) begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry. 我开始生起气来。
3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。 I begin to understand the truth. 我开始明白真相。 4) 物作主语时 It began to melt.
感官动词 + doing/to do
感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调\我看见了\这个事实)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday. (强调\我见他正干活\这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
典型例题
1) They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案：A. 因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2) The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
答案：A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。
第六章 倒装结构
一 全部倒装
全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1. here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如： 1) There goes the bell. 铃声渐渐消失了。 2) Then came the chairman. 然后主席就来了 3) Here is your letter. 这是你的信。
2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如： 1) Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。
2) Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：
1) Here he comes. 他来了。 2) Away they went. 他们走了。
二 部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。例如：
1) Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没看过这样的表演。
2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。
3) Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。
注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如：
1) I have never seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。
2) The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。
2. 带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly … when , no sooner …than …等。例如：
1) Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他不仅拒收了礼品，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。
2) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。
3) No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚要走时一个学生来看她。
注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。例如： Not only you but also I am fond of music. 我和你都喜欢音乐。
3. 表示\也\、\也不\的so, neither, nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。例如： 1) Tom can speak French. So can Jack. Tom能说法语，我也能。 2) If you won't go, neither will I. 如果你不去，我也不去。
注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为\
高中英语语法归纳总结
