make)
I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. (表示状态) I was surprised to find my hometown changed a lot. (表示完成)
2.动词leave后接三种形式作宾补时，表达的具体含义是“使……处于某种状态”。例如: It is wrong for you to leave the machine running. (主动，正在进行) The guests left most of the dishes untouched. ( 被动，完成) My workmate left, leaving me to do all the rest work. (主动，将来) My workmate left, leaving all the rest work to be done. (被动，将来) ◆过去分词和现在分词作状语的区别:
1.一般来说，过去分词表示被动完成的动作，现在分词表示主动进行的动作。例如: Seen from a distance, the mountain looked like a man. Seeing the mountain, he always thinks of his hometown.
2.现在分词的被动一般式表示正在进行的被动动作，过去分词表示被动完成的动作。例如: Being helped by the teacher, she will learn English well. Helped by the teacher, she has learned English well.
3.现在分词的被动完成式表示先于谓语动词动作发生的动作，过去分词所表示的动作，有时发生在谓语动词之前，有时与谓语动词同时发生，有时表示未来的被动动作或状态。例如: Having been used for a long time, the watch needs to be mended. Used in this way，the word shouldn’t be taken as a verb. Given more time, we will finish the work perfectly. 【锦囊妙计，战胜自我】 ◆独立主格结构
分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果与句子的主语不一致，那么分词短语就需要有自己的逻辑主语，这就是独立主格结构形式。
独立主格结构是分词短语意义上的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词来充当，放在分词之前。因为没有实际的主语和谓语，独立主格结构不是句子，一般放在句首或句末，充当时间、原因、方式等状语。例如:
Winter having come, it’s getting colder and colder. The homework finished, the child went home. His leg badly hurt, he had to stay in bed.
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Time permitting, we’ll visit the Summer Palace. She lay against the wall, the sun shining upon her.
从例句可以看出，独立主格结构中分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语是两个不同的人或物，因此，分词前的名词或代词不能省略。
独立主格结构也可以由“with／without + 名词或代词 + 分词、不定式、形容词、副词或介词短语”构成。例如:
The boy stared at the teacher, with his mouth open. With his parents away, the boy became naughtier.
The teacher came into the classroom, with a book in her hand ( = book in hand). She sat still, with her eyes closed. ( 被动,状态)
She sat still, with her eyes looking at the ceiling. (主动,正在) With you to help me , I could do it better. (主动，将来)
With a lot of problems settled , the mayor went to have a holiday. (被动，完成) With a lot of problems to be settled , the mayor has a hard time. (被动,将来) ◆垂悬分词作状语
垂悬分词是现在分词一种特殊用法，其逻辑主语是句子非主语部分中指人或物的某一名词或代词，或泛指“我们”。例如:
Searching along the street, it had taken him along time to find a clinic. ( searching 的逻辑主语是句中him 所指的人)
Walking or sleeping, this subject is always in my mind. (walking or sleeping 的逻辑主语是句中my所指的“我”)
Using the electric energy, it is necessary to change its form. ( using 的逻辑主语泛指“我们”)
易错起源2、非谓语动词的时态和语态
例2． (learn)more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.
【答案】To learn 【名师点睛】
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动词不定式的时态和语态
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，一般使用不定式的被动语态，形式有一般式和完成式(进行式没有被动式)。例如：
Her father disappeared，never to be heard from again．(hear from和his father之间是被动关系)
The book is said to have been translated into many languages．(translate和the book之间是被动关系)
注意：不定式中使用主动代替被动的情况：
(1)不定式所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。例如: I haven’t got a key to unlock the door.(to unlock the door的逻辑主语是a key)
(2)不定式所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和主语构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。例如:
I haven’t got a book to read．(I为不定式的逻辑主语，a book为不定式的逻辑宾语)
(3)不定式作宾语形容词的状语，和句中的主语构成了逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式多用主动，实际上形容词后省略了for one或for people。例如： The book is difficult (for me) to understand. He is hard ( for me) to work with.
(4)在there be结构中，如果考虑必须有人去完成某事时，用主动；如果强调事情本身必须完成时，用被动。例如:
There is a lot of to be done. (工作被作) There is a lot of to do. (需要人去做) 【锦囊妙计，战胜自我】 动名词的时态和语态
动名词一般式所表示的动作与谓语所表示的动作同时发生或是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生。如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，则用动名词的完成式。如果动名词的逻辑这样是动名词动作的承受者，这时用动名词的被动式。例如: We are interested in playing chess. (同时)
She is looking forward to hearing from you again. (之后) I’m sorry for not having kept my promise. (之前)
The little boy was afraid of being left at home alone. (被动)
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The house showed no sign of having been damaged.(之前，被动) 易错起源3、非谓语动词的固定搭配
例3．After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress，Anne
Benedict went on (thank)all the people who had helped in her career.
【答案】to thank 【锦囊妙计，战胜自我】
英语中非谓语动词的固定搭配是因词而定，没有固定的规律。考生只有牢记它们的形式，才能成功破题。
1.下列动词或动词短语后面只接动名词作宾语:
admit, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider (考虑) , delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss(错过), practice, risk, resist, suggest, suffer等动词; be used to(习惯于), insist on, can’t help(情不自禁) , can’t stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, keep on, look forward to, put off, devote to, stick to, object to, thank you for, be busy (in) , get down to, lead to, see to, have difficult/trouble (in),have a good/wonderful/hard time (in)等动词组。
2.下列动词或动词短语后面能接动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别： forget／remember／regret to do忘记／记住／后悔去做某事 forget／remember／regret doing忘记／记得／后悔已经做过某事 stop to do停下来接着做另一件事stop doing停止做一件事 mean to do意欲、企图做某事mean doing意味着做某事
go on to do做完某事接着做另一件事go on doing继续做同一件事 try to do努力、试图做某事try doing尝试着做某事 3.有些短语作状语是固定结构:
judging from, generally/ frankly/ honestly/ strictly speaking, considering (that)... (考虑到……), supposing/ providing (that)... (假如……),seeing ( that )... (既然,由于……) , to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin with
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(首先，第一)。例如:
Judging from his accent, he must be a southerner. Tuning to the left, he saw a bus passing. Considering everything, he did a good job.
Seeing (that) she is lawfully old enough to get married, I don’t see how you can stop her.
易错起源4、 非谓语动词逻辑主语的表达形式和否定形式 例4．I really can’t understand __ her like that.
A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating 【错误解答】 A或B
【正确解答】 D 【名师点睛】
非谓语动词的逻辑主语也就是非谓语动词的动作执行者。在不定式中，逻辑主语是of或for的 介词宾语，或是句子的主语，或是句子的宾语。 例如:
It is important for us to work hard.(to work is important.只能用for) It is kind of you to help me to clean the room.(you are kind.只能用of) We want to go with you to have a picnic. Little Tom liked to be taken to the cinema.
I want the report to be typed as quickly as possible.
The manager asked me to type the report as quickly as possible. 【锦囊妙计，战胜自我】
动名词的复合结构在句中作主语时，其逻辑主语必须是形容词性物主代词或名词的所有格；作宾语、表语时，其逻辑主语是形容词性物主代词、人称代词、名词的所有格或普通格；无生命名词或有生命的名词表示泛指时，必须用名词的普通格或人称代词的宾格。例如： Tom’s coming surprised all of us (主语)
His not attending the meeting made the manager very angry.(主语)
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专题06非谓语动词(易错起源)-2018高考英语备考黄金易错点Word版含解析
