Unit1 Sportsmanship: It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.
2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.
3. It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.
The pioneering spirit: Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.
Rags-to-riches: It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected.
American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.
1. Traditionally, individualism, independence and collaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.
3. The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.
Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationshipsFive relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.
Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders.
Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.
Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Comprehension questions
1. According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?
That is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was explained as\There should be affection between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends.\
2. What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?
Firstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.
Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.
Thirdly, westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves, and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representatives of their group, and to accept more responsibility for the other members of their groups too.
A final difference lies in the way people in different cultures view the idea of \the Chinese term for \is sometimes used as a synonym for \
Unit3 Nuclear family: include a husband, a wife and their children
Extended family: adult couples are expected to form their own household with either of their biological families.
2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners，they expect so much from marriage that so many get divorced
Impermanence: the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations. Stable: resistant to change of position or condition Connection vs. contract: relationship 4. ①Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. ②In China a friend is accepted completely or not at all ③Chinese friends give each other much more concrete help and assistance than Western friends do. ①American have casual, friendly relationships with many people, but deeper, closer friendships with only a few. ②American friendships tend to be very compartmentalized. ③American friendships is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spending time together.
Unit5 Nutrition and balance: a look at the nutritional information, like the number of calories preserving, grams of fat, sodium, cholesterol, fiber and sugar content will make you more knowledgeable in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk.
Pragmatism: in the westerns’ eyes, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, having little to do with artistry. Nor will they be particular about the taste of food too much.
Unit6 Creativity: the ability to create
Self-reliance: is a principal value of child rearing in middle-class American. Originality：1.How do the Chinese teach their children？ A: Chinese teach their children by holding their hands
How do Americans do？A: On their own and even to discover new problem for which creative solutions are wanted.
Can you find the theories supporting the two different teaching method？ A: Evolutionary and revolutionary
2. Can you tell any other differences between the two educational systems?
A: The contrast between the two cultures can also be seen in the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity.
American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later.
Unit7 Key concepts Monochronic timeMonochronic time is an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.
Polychronic time A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Unlike Americans and most northern and western European cultures, Latin American and Arabic cultures use the polychromic of time.
Linear structure In monochromic time, linear structure means people focus on one event or interaction at a time.
Schedule oriented People in polychronic time cultures treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time.
People oriented Polychronic individuals are oriented toward people, human relationships, and the family, which is the core of their existence. Family takes precedence over everything else, close friends come next.. Comprehension questions
What is monochronic culture? What is polychronic culture?
Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.
Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.
What are the different attitudes monchronic people and polychronic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.)
Sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?
Once the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people take it seriously. M-time cultures is one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously. Matters in a polychronic plans for the future: even important plans maybe changed right up the minute of execution.
Unit 9Key conceptsHigh-context cultureHigh context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.
Low-context cultureLow context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words. Implicitness
The message which someone expressed is elliptical, indirect, and allusive.
ExplicitnessThe message which someone expressed is direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words..
VerbalizingVerbalizing- that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral. Comprehensive questions
What is High-context culture? What is Low-context culture?
High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.
Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words. Implicitness
What does silence mean in high-context cultures? What is the function of silence in high-context cultures?It means entirely accepted.
In the individual level, silence can be viewed as a state of being allowing you to experience the highest truth and bliss; on the interpersonal level, silence can be used to promote harmony, cooperation, and other collectivistic values; on the level of social movements, silence can be protest.
Why does silence mean differently in different cultures?
Different in the uses of silence can be best examined in high-context and low-context cultures. High-context cultures are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. Low-context cultures are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented. Key concepts
Culture shockCulture shock happens to people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It is, first and foremost an emotional phenomenon; then comes cognitive disorientation and identity dissonance. Comprehension questions
What are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process? Does everyone have the same experience?
The five stages of the cultural adjustment process:
Honeymoon period: Initially many people are fascinated and excited by everything of the new culture.
Culture shock: The individuals are immersed in news problems: housing, transportation, employment, shopping, and language.
Initial adjustment: Everyone activities such as housing and shopping are no longer major problems. The visitors may not yet be fluent in the spoken language, but they can express their basic ideas and feelings.
Mental isolations: Individuals away from their family and good friends for a long time may feel lonely.
Acceptance and integration: A routine ( eg; work, business, or school) has been established. The newcomer has become accustomed to the habits, customs, foods, and characteristics of the people in the new culture.
Individuals experience the stages of adjustment in different ways. Some people never experience a “honeymoon” period because the circumstances of their coming to a new country may have been too painful. In addition, certain stages last longer for some than for others, depending on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivations for being in the new country.
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案（全）
