自考《现代语言学》复习讲义
一、常考题型 1.填空 2?单项选择 3?判断正误
4?解释词语并举例说明
对名词解释并举一两个例子进行说明 5?回答问题
做题要求：用英文进行答题。
二、各章节学习要点
Chapter 1 Introduction （绪论）
I. What is lin guistics?
1.1 Defi nition （语言学的定义）
P.1
Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scientific study of language Linguistics studies not any particular Ianguage, e.g., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but in Ianguage in gen eral.
1.2 The Scope of lin guistics （语言学的研究范畴）
P.2— 4
The study of Ianguage as a whole is often called general linguistics（普诵语言学 ）.This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to those bran ches of study which relate lin guistics to the research of other areas.
Main branches of linguistics 语言学的主要分支：
1） phonetics （语音学） 2）phonology （音系学） 3）morphology （形态学） 4）syntax （句 法学） 5）semantics （语义学） 6）pragmatics （语用学）
The study of all these aspects of Ian guage forms the core of lin guistics.
Findings in linguistic studies can often be applie3d to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applicati ons is gen erally known as applied linguistics.
Macrolinguistics 宏观语言学：1） Psycholingusitcs 心理语言学）；2） Sociolinguistics 社会语言 学）；3） Anthropological linguistics （人类语言学）；4） Computational linguistics （计算语言学）
1.3 Some importa nt dist inctions in lin guistics 1.3.1 Prescriptive vs. descriptive Examples: Don 'say X. People don 'say X.
P.4— 7
（规定性和描述性）
Moder n lin guistics, i.e., li nguistic study carried out i n this cen tury is mostly descriptive. 1.3.2 Synchron ic vs. diachro nic
（共时性和历时性）
In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. 1.3.3 Speech and writi ng Ianguage as primary , not the written.
1.3.4 Lan gue and parole 20th cen tury.
1.3.5 Compete nee and performa nee
（语言能力和语言运用）
competence （语言和言语） （口头语和书面语）
Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken
The distinction between Iangue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the early
Similar to Saussure ' distinction between Iangue and parole is the distinction between
and performance , which was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950 '.
While Saussure'distinction and Chomsky ' are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociologicalview of Ian guage and his no tio n of Ian gue is a matter of social conven ti ons, and Chomsky looks at Ian guage from a psychological point of view and to him compete nee is a property of the mind of each in dividual.
2. What is Ian guage?
2.1 Defin iti ons of Ian guage
p.9
Lan guage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com mun icatio n.（ 语言是人类在交际 中使用的一套任意的声音符号系统。 cati on system.
2.2 Desig n features
p.11 —14
）
Language distinguishes us from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animal com muni
Design features refer to the defining properties of human Ianguage that distinguish it from any animal system of com muni cati on
A framework was proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett . He specified twelve design features, five of which will be discussed here.
1） Arbitrari ness （任意性）
Lan guage is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical relati on ship betwee n meanings and soun ds. While Ianguage is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary . The arbitrary nature of Ianguage is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for Ianguage to have an unlimited source of expressions.
2） Productivity （创造性）
Productivity is unique to huma n Ian guage. 3） Duality （双重性）
Lan guage is a system, which con sists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of soun ds, which is meanin gless.
4）
Displaceme nt （移位性）
Lan guage can be used to refer to things which are prese nt or not prese nt, real or imagi ned matters in the past, present, or future or in far-away places. In contrast, no animal communication possess this feature.
5） Cultural transmission （文化传递性）
While human capacity of Ianguage has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire Ian guage, the details of any Ian guage system are not gen etically tran smitted, but in stead have to be taught and lear ned.
Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学）
1. The phonic medium of language （语言的声音媒介） p.15—16
Speech and writing are the two media or substances used by natural Ianguages as vehicles for com muni cati on. Of the two media of Ian guage, speech is more basic tha n writ ing. For lin guists, the study of sounds is of greater importance than that of writing; their dada for investigation and analysis are mostly draw n from authe ntic, everyday speech.
2. Phonetics 语音学）
2.1 What is pho netics? p.16—17
Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of Ianguage; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world ' Ianguages.
articulatory phonetics （发音语音学 ）；auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）；acoustic phonetics （声 学语音学）
Of the three branches of phonetics, the Iongest established, and until recently the most highly developed,
is articulatory phonetics. 2.2 Orga ns of speech （发音器官） p.17— 22
The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities: the pharyngeal cavity （咽月空）一the throat, the oral cavity （口月空）—the mouth, and the nasal cavity（鼻 腔）—the nose.（人类的发声器官都被包括在三个重要的地方或腔道里；咽腔 一即咽喉；口腔 一即嘴； 和鼻腔一即鼻子。）
2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds — broad and narrow transcriptions （ 语音的正字标 音法一宽式标音法和严式标音法）
Two ways to tran scribe speech sounds are now available. One is the tran scripti on with letter-symbols only and the other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics（附加符号）.The former is called broad transcription . This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks. The latter is called narrow transcription . This is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. With the help of the diacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for their purpose.
Chapter 3
^Definition （形态学的定义）
Morphology （形态学）
Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology （屈折形态学）and lexical or derivational morphology （词汇或派牛词汇学） .The former studies the inflections and the latter the study of word-formation .
2.Morpheme （词素） p.49
2.1 Morpheme: the smallest meaningful un it of Ian guage （词素：语言最小的意义单位）
Just as a phon eme is the basic un it in the study of pho no logy, so is a morpheme the basic un it in the study of morphology.
The meaning morphemes convey may be of two kin ds: lexical meaning and grammatical meaning（词汇意义和语法意义）.The morphemes such as man”，-“y ”，fbach”，-er ”，dark”，-bn\manly，teacher， darken convey a lexical meaning，while the morphemes such as -es， -ed， -ing in teaches， played ， raining convey a grammatical meaning.
链接： Morpheme is the smallest un it of Ian guage in terms of relati on ship betwee n expressi on and content，a un it that cannot be divided into further smaller un its without destro ying or drastically altering the meaning，whether it is lexical or grammatical，e.g.
boys---boy+-s in dicates plurality checking---check+-i ng disappo in tme nt---dis-+appo in t+-me nt 2.2 Types of morphemes p.50
Morphemes are classified into free morphemes and bound morphemes. free morpheme （自 由词素 ）
root
「（词根）
morpheme
bound morpheme （粘着词素）厂 inflectional affix（ 屈折词缀）
prefix （前缀） affix Y
（词缀）
^derivati onal affix
-suffix （后缀））
Free morphemes are morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in comb in ati on with other morphemes.
Take help, quick, able, warm for example, they can be used freely all by themselves, at the same time, they can also be used in comb in ati on with other morphemes as in helper, quicke n, disable, warm-hearted.
Bound morphemes are morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used in depe nden tly but have to be comb ined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. Bound morphemes in clude two types: roots and affixes. A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word. For example, the root geo-” bears the meaning of the earth ” ;whe n it comb ines with ano ther root -ology ”，mea ning a branch of learning , we get the word geology ” ,which means the study of the earth 'structure. ”
Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational .
Inflectional affixes or inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. The inflectional affixes in English in clude:
-（e）s, in dicat ing plurality of nouns
-（e）s, indicating third person singular, present tense -（e）d, in dicati ng past tense for all three pers ons -ing, in dicat ing progressive aspect
-er, i ndicat ing comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs -est, indicating superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs -‘，in dicat ing the possessive case of nouns
Derivati onal affixes are added to an existi ng form to create a word. This is a very common way to ___ create new words in English. Such a way of word-formation is called derivation （派生法）and the new word
自考《现代语言学》复习讲义
