一.名词
I.名词的种类: 专有名词 国名?地名?人名， 团体?机构
普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 不可数名词 物质名词 名称 II.名词的数：
1.规则名词的复数形式：
-s
或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:
例词 名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加
规则 1 2 一般情况在词尾加-s 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es 以-f或-fe结尾 的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, wife-wives 加-s kni fe-k ni ves, loaf-loaves, 3 belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Hen ry-He nrys hero-heroes, tomato-tomatoes Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, 4 5 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es 以兀音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以 y结尾的，加-s 一般加-es 6 以辅音字母加 -0结尾的名词 不少外来词加-s 两者皆可 pia no-pia nos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos zero-zeros/zeroes, volca no-volca no es/ volca nos radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos truth-truths, mouth-mouths, mon th-m on ths, path-paths, 7
以兀音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s 以-th结尾的名词加-s 8 2.不规则名词复数：
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下: 规则 例词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 2 单复数相同 3 只有复数形式 4 ［一些集体名词总是用作复数 man-men, mouse-mice woma n-wome n, foot-feet, goose-geese, sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, ashes, trousers, clothes, tha nks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents people, police, cattle, staff 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可 以作复数audienee, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, gover 5 nment, populati on, crew, team, public, en emy, party （成员） customs（海关）,forces（军队）,times（时代）,spirits（情绪）, 6 复数形式表示特别含义 drinks（饮料）,sands（沙滩）,papers（文件报纸）,manners（礼 貌）,looks（外表）,brains（头脑智力）,greens（青菜）,ruins（废 墟） 表示 7
加-s 单复数同形 America ns, Australia ns, Europea ns Germa ns, Greeks, Swedes, “某 国人” Swiss, Portuguese, Chin ese, Japa nese 以-man 或-woman 结尾 的改为 -me n,-wome n 将主体名词变为复数 En glishme n, Fren chwome n son s-i n-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends grow n-ups, housewives, stopwatches wome n sin gers, men serva nts 8 合成 名词 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为 复数 将两部分变为复数 III.名词的所有格：
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加 构成，二是由介词 of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。
1.'所有格的构成:
单数名词在末尾加’s 一般在末尾加’ 复数名词 不规则复数名词后加’s the boy ’ s father, Jack ’ s book, herlawn' s photo, the teachers ' room, the twins ' mother, the children ' s toys, women ' s rights, Dicke ns ' no vels, Charles ' s job, the Smiths ' house Japan ' s and America ' s problems, Jane 以s结尾的人名所有格加’或者’ 表示各自的所有关系时 力n's 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加 表示\某人家\店铺\，所有格后名词 省略 ，各名词末尾均须 ’s ' s and Mary ' s b
Japan and America ' s problems, Jane and Mary ' s father the doctor ' s, the barber ' s, the tailor ' s, my uncle 2.'所有格的用法:
1 2 3 4 5 6 表示时间 表示自然现象 表示国家城市等地方的名词 表示工作群体 表示度量衡及价值 与人类活动有特殊关系的名 词 today ' s newspaper, five weeks ' holiday the earth ' s atmosphere, the tree the country ' s plan, the world the ship ' s crew, majority a mile ' s journey, five dollars the life ' s time, the play ' s branches ' s population, China ' s view, the team ' s indi ' s victory ' worth of apples ' s plot ' s throw, at on不知所措s) wit ' s end 某些固定词组 7 3. of所有格的用法: 用于无生命的东西：
用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：
a bird ' s eye view, a stone the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
the classrooms of the first-year stude nts
用于名词化的词： the struggle of the oppressed
二?冠词
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an）,定冠词（the）,和零冠词。
I.不定冠词的用法： 1 2 3 4 指一类人或事，相当于 a kind of every, one the same A pla ne is a mach ine that can fly. A boy is wait ing for you. We study eight hours a day. 第一次提及某人某物， 非特指 表示“每一”相当于 表示相冋相当于 We are n early of an age. 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名 人有类似A Mr. Smith came to visit you whe n you were out That boy is 5 rather a Lei Feng. 性质的人或事
6 用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such 7
之后 This room is rather a big one. She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. The horse is a useful ani mal. the uni verse, the moon, the Pacific Ocea n Would you mind ope ning the door? play the violi n, play the guitar the reach, the livi ng, the woun ded the Gree ns, the Wangs He is the taller of the two childre n. the Un ited States, the Communist Party of China, the French The compass was inven ted in China. in the 1990 8 用于 so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 1 2 3 表示某一类人或物 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 II.定冠词的用法: 4 用于乐器前面 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 8 9 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名 词前 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 11 用于表示单位的名词前 12
' s I hired the car by the hour. He patted me on the shoulder. 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的 词组前 III.零冠词的用法: 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名 词前 Beijing Uni versity, Jack, Chin a, love, air I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? March, Sun day, Nati onal Day, spri ng Li ncoln was made Preside nt of America. He likes play ing football/chess. by train, by air, by land husba nd and wife, knife and fork, day and ni ght Horses are useful an imals. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等 限制 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 表示泛指的复数名词前 8
三?代词：
I?代词可以分为以下七大类: 人 称 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 1 代 词 宾格 2 物主 代词 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 形容词 性 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 3 反身代词 4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some 5 疑问代词 6 关系代词 7 不定代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever that, which, who, whom, whose, as one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ ano ther, all/ both, n either/ either II.不定代词用法注意点: 1. one, some 与 any:
1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为
否定句。
oneso some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和
One should lear n to thi nk of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don I have some questi ons to ask.
y hav kianarks.
2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。
Would you like some banan as? 3) some和any修饰可数名词单数时， 4) some和数词连用表示\大约” 2. each 禾口 every:
each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而
个或三个以上。
Could you give me some mon ey? some表示某个，any表示任何一个。
Please correct the mistakes, if any. Do you feel any better today?
I have read this article in some magaz ine. There are some 3,000 stude nts in this school.
，any可与比较级连用表示程度。
every强调整体，所指的数必须是三
Each stude nt has a pocket dict ion ary. / Each (of us) has a dict ion ary. / We each have a dictio nary. Every stude nt has strong and weak poin ts. / Every one of us has strong and weak poin ts. 3. none 禾口 no：
no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数 名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the stude nts are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other 和 another:
1) other 泛指\另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，女口： the other day, every other week, some other reas on, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为 the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his no tes in the other.
Two stude nts in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) an other指\又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是 I don ' t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me ano ther pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all 和 both, neither 和 either
all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。
用 neither 禾口 none.
others,泛指\别的人或事”如：
both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定
All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.
三道易错名词考题分析
1. ______ fathers made them have pia no less ons. A. Peter and Ann
's Peter ' s and Ann 's
C. Peter ' s and AnnD. Peter and Ann
【解析】此题容易误选 A或C。错误的原因是由于受思维定势的影响。平时考 生们做多了“
This is Lucy and Lily
' s bedroom.那么一这样到这样，
的题就想到只是在后面一个单词后面用所有格。 其实，到底用一个所有格，还是 用两个所有格，取决于它们所修饰的名词：如果所修饰的名词是单数可数名词， 就只在后面一个名词后面用所有格；如果所修饰的名词是复数可数名词，就两个 名词都用所有格。正确答案为 B。
2. There are a lot ______ people today tha n yesterday. A. of B. / C. most D. more
【解析】此题容易误选 A。有不少考生因受“
a lot of +
名词”这一思维定势的
影响，一看到a lot，就选择了 A。其实，该句中的a lot是用来修饰形容词的比 较级more的，than引导的是比较状语从句。正确答案为 D。 3.
“ Excuse me, are you _____ ? No, we are ______ .
A. America n, En glishma n B. America n. Germa ns C. America n, Germe n D. En glishma n, America ns
【解析】先从词性来看，American和German既可以用作名词也可以用作形 容词，用作名词时，其复数形式分别为
America ns 和Germa ns ;选项中的
”
中考英语名词、冠词、代词知识点及易错题精讲精练
