relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)--scores and percentage application problem review contengle of clant overview answon (slightly) 17, aers scores, and percentage application problem of key is: according to meaning, (1) determine standard volume (units \n in-line solution. Category fraction multiplication word problem score w of soliDivision applications engineering problem problem XV, a subject: review of the measurement of the amount of capacity, measurement and units of measurement of common units of measurement and their nce in rate 1, currency, length, area, volume, unit size, volume, weight and rate. (Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their relationships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zhijian of of poly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, and of method and poly method of relationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (1)--line and angle review content line, and segment, and Ray, and vertical, and parallel, and angle assificatind subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (2)--plane graphics review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric graphics perimeter and arehea combination graphics of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-revied content category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divided into: cuboid, square 3, cone cone of the features of cuboids and cubes relationship between characteristics of cirsignificacular cone is slightly solid surface area and volume 1, size 2, table ...和
第三章
3-01数据链路(即逻辑链路)与链路(即物理链路)有何区别? “电路接通了”与”
数据链路接通了”的区别何在? 答:数据链路与链路的区别在于数据链路出链路外,还必须有一些必要的规程来
控制数据的传输,因此,数据链路比链路多了实现通信规程所需要的硬件和软件。 “电路接通了”表示链路两端的结点交换机已经开机,物理连接已经能够传送比特流了但是,数据传输并不可靠,在物理连接基础上,再建立数据链路连接,才是“数据链路接通了”,此后,由于数据链路连接具有检测、确认和重传功能,才使不太可靠的物理链路变成可靠的数据链路,进行可靠的数据传输当数据链路断开连接时,物理电路连接不一定跟着断开连接。
3-02数据链路层中的链路控制包括哪些功能?试讨论数据链路层做成可靠的链路层有哪些优点和缺点. 答:链路管理 帧定界 流量控制 差错控制
将数据和控制信息区分开 透明传输 寻址
可靠的链路层的优点和缺点取决于所应用的环境:对于干扰严重的信道,可
靠的链路层可以将重传范围约束在局部链路,防止全网络的传输效率受损;对于优质信道,采用可靠的链路层会增大资源开销,影响传输效率。
3-03网络适配器的作用是什么?网络适配器工作在哪一层?
答:适配器(即网卡)来实现数据链路层和物理层这两层的协议的硬件和软件
网络适配器工作在TCP/IP协议中的网络接口层(OSI中的数据链里层和物理层)
3-04数据链路层的三个基本问题(帧定界、透明传输和差错检测)为什么都必须
加以解决?
答:帧定界是分组交换的必然要求
透明传输避免消息符号与帧定界符号相混淆
差错检测防止合差错的无效数据帧浪费后续路由上的传输和处理资源
3-05 如果在数据链路层不进行帧定界,会发生什么问题? 答:无法区分分组与分组
无法确定分组的控制域和数据域
relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)--scores and percentage application problem review contengle of clant overview answon (slightly) 17, aers scores, and percentage application problem of key is: according to meaning, (1) determine standard volume (units \n in-line solution. Category fraction multiplication word problem score w of soliDivision applications engineering problem problem XV, a subject: review of the measurement of the amount of capacity, measurement and units of measurement of common units of measurement and their nce in rate 1, currency, length, area, volume, unit size, volume, weight and rate. (Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their relationships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zhijian of of poly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, and of method and poly method of relationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (1)--line and angle review content line, and segment, and Ray, and vertical, and parallel, and angle assificatind subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (2)--plane graphics review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric graphics perimeter and arehea combination graphics of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-revied content category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divided into: cuboid, square 3, cone cone of the features of cuboids and cubes relationship between characteristics of cirsignificacular cone is slightly solid surface area and volume 1, size 2, table ...和 无法将差错更正的范围限定在确切的局部
3-06PPP协议的主要特点是什么?为什么PPP不使用帧的编号?PPP适用于什么情况
?为什么PPP协议不能使数据链路层实现可靠传输? 答:简单,提供不可靠的数据报服务,检错,无纠错 不使用序号和确认机制
地址字段A 只置为 0xFF。地址字段实际上并不起作用。
控制字段 C 通常置为 0x03。 PPP 是面向字节的
当 PPP 用在同步传输链路时,协议规定采用硬件来完成比特填充(和 HDLC 的做法一样),当 PPP 用在异步传输时,就使用一种特殊的字符填充法 PPP适用于线路质量不太差的情况下、PPP没有编码和确认机制
3-07要发送的数据为。采用CRC的生成多项式是P(X)=X4+X+1。试求应添加在
数据后面的余数。数据在传输过程中最后一个1变成了0,问接收端能否发现?若数据在传输过程中最后两个1都变成了0,问接收端能否发现?采用CRC检验后,数据链路层的传输是否就变成了可靠的传输?
答:作二进制除法, 0000 10011 得余数1110 ,添加的检验序列是1110. 作二进制除法,两种错误均可发展,仅仅采用了CRC检验,缺重传机制,数据链路层的传输还不是可靠的传输。
3-08要发送的数据为。采用CRCD 生成多项式是P(X)=X3+1。试求应添加在数
据后面的余数。
答:作二进制除法, 000 10011 添加在数据后面的余数是011
3-09一个PPP帧的数据部分(用十六进制写出)是7D 5E FE 27 7D 5D 7D 5D 65
7D 5E。试问真正的数据是什么(用十六进制写出)? 答:7D 5E FE 27 7D 5D 7D 5D 65 7D 5E 7E FE 27 7D 7D 65 7D 3-10 PPP协议使用同步传输技术传送比特串11100。试问经过零比特填充后变成
怎样的比特串?若接收端收到的PPP帧的数据部分是,问删除发送端加入的零比特后变成怎样的比特串? 答: 11111 00
1 11111 110
3-11试分别讨论一下各种情况在什么条件下是透明传输,在什么条件下不是透
明传输。(提示:请弄清什么是“透明传输”,然后考虑能否满足其条件。) (1)普通的电话通信。
(2)电信局提供的公用电报通信。 (3)因特网提供的电子邮件服务。
relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)--scores and percentage application problem review contengle of clant overview answon (slightly) 17, aers scores, and percentage application problem of key is: according to meaning, (1) determine standard volume (units \hen in-line solution. Category fraction multiplication word problem score w of soliDivision applications engineering problem problem XV, a subject: review of the measurement of the amount of capacity, measurement and units of measurement of common units of measurement and their nce in rate 1, currency, length, area, volume, unit size, volume, weight and rate. (Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their relationships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zhijian of of poly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, and of method and poly method of relationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (1)--line and angle review content line, and segment, and Ray, and vertical, and parallel, and angle assificatind subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (2)--plane graphics review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric graphics perimeter and area combination graphics of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-revied content category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divided into: cuboid, square 3, cone cone of the features of cuboids and cubes relationship between characteristics of cirsignificacular cone is slightly solid surface area and volume 1, size 2, table ...和
3-12 PPP协议的工作状态有哪几种?当用户要使用PPP协议和ISP建立连接进行通信需要建立哪几种连接?每一种连接解决什么问题?
3-13局域网的主要特点是什么?为什么局域网采用广播通信方式而广域网不
采用呢? 答:局域网LAN是指在较小的地理范围内,将有限的通信设备互联起来的计算机
通信网络
从功能的角度来看,局域网具有以下几个特点:
(1) 共享传输信道,在局域网中,多个系统连接到一个共享的通信媒体上。
(2) 地理范围有限,用户个数有限。通常局域网仅为一个单位服务,只在
一个相对独立的局部范围内连网,如一座楼或集中的建筑群内,一般来说,局域网的覆盖范围越位10m~10km内或更大一些。
从网络的体系结构和传输检测提醒来看,局域网也有自己的特点: (1) 低层协议简单
(2) 不单独设立网络层,局域网的体系结构仅相当于相当与OSI/RM的最低两层
(3) 采用两种媒体访问控制技术,由于采用共享广播信道,而信道又可用不
同的传输媒体,所以局域网面对的问题是多源,多目的的连连管理,由此引发出多中媒体访问控制技术
在局域网中各站通常共享通信媒体,采用广播通信方式是天然合适的,广域网通常采站点间直接构成格状网。
3-14 常用的局域网的网络拓扑有哪些种类?现在最流行的是哪种结构?为什么早期的以太网选择总线拓扑结构而不是星形拓扑结构,但现在却改为使用星形拓扑结构?
答:星形网,总线网,环形网,树形网
当时很可靠的星形拓扑结构较贵,人们都认为无源的总线结构更加可靠,但实践证明,连接有大量站点的总线式以太网很容易出现故障,而现在专用的ASIC芯片的使用可以讲星形结构的集线器做的非常可靠,因此现在的以太网一般都使用星形结构的拓扑。
3-15 什么叫做传统以太网?以太网有哪两个主要标准? 答:DIX Ethernet V2 标准的局域网
DIX Ethernet V2 标准与 IEEE 的 802.3 标准
3-16 数据率为10Mb/s的以太网在物理媒体上的码元传输速率是多少码元/秒?
答:码元传输速率即为波特率,以太网使用曼彻斯特编码,这就意味着发送的每
一位都有两个信号周期。标准以太网的数据速率是10MB/s,因此波特率是数据率的两倍,即20M波特
3-17 为什么LLC子层的标准已制定出来了但现在却很少使用?