专业英语课后作业翻译
Lesson 4 Introdution Organic Chemistry(p59)
有机化学简介
Because of the tremendous number of organic compounds known, and of the many more being synthesized daily, the study of organic chemistry is not the study of individual compounds , it is the study of groups or families of compounds all closely related to each other. Obviously, the former approach would be prohibitive. Once the structural relationships of certain typical member of a particular group or family are understood, these structural features are understood for any one of the many members of the family even though some may not be known compounds, For each group of family of compounds often called homologous sreies of compounds, structureal features are improtant. In studying organic chemistry, it is not enough to know the identities of the elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a given molecule. More improtantly, the order in which these atoms are linked together to form the molecule must aslo be known, Once the identities of the element and the number of atoms prsent in each of these element have been established, structural studies are quite improtant. They require considerable effort and ingenuity on the part of the organic chemist.
因为已知的有机化合物的数目庞大，而且还在逐日合成更多的品种，所以有机化学不是研究单个的化合物，而是把彼此密切相关的化合物按类或族来研究。显然，以前的方法是不可取的，一旦典型的一类特殊化合物被认识，这些结构特征将适用于这类化合物，甚至是一些未知的化合物，对于一类化合物经常称其为同系物。结构特征是非常重要的，只知道分子含有的元素和元素的原子个数是不够的，更重要的是知道原子组成分子的连接顺序，当元素及原子个数被确认之后，结构的研究也是很重要的，这些都需要有化学家的努力和聪明才智。
In summary, the following four steps are required in order to completely indentify any organic compound isolated for the first time from a natural source or produced for the first time in the laboratory:
总而言之，为了能完全区别那些第一次从自然资源中分离或是从实验室中生产出来的有机化合物，以下四个步骤是必须的：
( 1 ) Isolation of the compound from the mixture of organic or inorganic compounds among which it may be found , followed by application of appropriate criteria of purity.
( 1 )从被发现的有机或无机化合物中分离出来的物质，运用适当的标准检验其纯度。 ( 2 ) Establishment of its empirical and molecular formulas by use of appropriate methods of qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, and molecular weight determination.
( 2 )使用适当的定性、定量分析法和测定分子量来确立实验式。
( 3 ) Proposal of a structural formula as the result of appropriate chemical and physical examination of the compound.
( 3 )通过对化合物进行适当的物理和化学测定，从而提出分子的结构式。
( 4 ) Synthesis of the compound by an unambiguous method as confirmation of the proposed structural formula.
( 4 )用清晰的方法合成化合物来验证所提出的结构式
Lesson 11 macromolecules(P91)大分子
Historical Background 历史背景：
It would not be appropriate to complete a study of the subject of organic chemistry without including an introduction to the chemistry of macromolecules, and their preparation and properties . Macromolecules ,as the name implies, are molecules much larger than the simple ,small molecules that the subject of organic chemistry has dealt with thus far. The term high polymer is also used to identify these large molecules .High polymers are materials possessing an average molecular weight above 10000.
在不包括大分子化学及其制备和性质的情况下，去完成有机化学这一学科的学习是不恰当的。大分子，顾名思义，它的分子比目前为止已在有机化学中所涉及的那些简单小分子要大得多。另一术语高聚物也用于表示大分子。高聚物就是这样一些平均分子量大10000的材料。
Organic chemists are inclined to refer to certain structures as “dimers” “trimers ” “tetramers”,etc. The rapid development of the plastics, rubber,and synthetic fiber industries during the past several decades has created such a demen for chemists to work in these areas that, at the present , approximately half of the chemists in the United States ultimately do research or development work in the polymer field
有机化学家倾向于把特定结构的物质称为 二聚物 三聚物 四聚物 等等， 在过去几十年里塑料橡胶以及合成纤维的快速度发展创造需求，使化学家投入到这片领域。目前，大约有一半的美国的科学家在这里研究和工作。
Lesson26 Development of the Detergent Industry(1)P150
洗涤剂工业的发展
Although the start of the synthetic detergent industry is not shrouded in the veils of history as were the beginnings of the soap industry, it is nevertheless not easy to pinpoint exactly when the detergent industry ,as such ,came into being. The primary problem is to decide exactly what is being referred to as a synthetic detergent .The term itself leads to confusion .In the USA the words surfactant or syndet are being used ,whilst in Europe the term “tenside”(for tension-active mateial) is coming into fashion.
合成洗涤剂工业何时问世？在历史上虽不像肥皂工业那样模糊不清，但要截然划清洗涤剂工业的始创年代确实不易。最基本的问题是要精确定义什么物质能够被称为合成洗涤剂。这个术语本身导致了混淆。在美国，表面活性剂或合成洗涤剂正在被人们使用中，而在欧洲“表面活性剂”（即表面张力活性材料）也变得流行起来。
Lesson27 Development of the Detergent Industry(2)P156
洗涤剂工业的发展
Methods of test were developed and it was in fact, proved that linear alkyl benzene is biodegradable. Germany introduced legislation prohibiting the discharge of non-biologically degradable material into sewer systems. In the USA detergent manufacturers agreed voluntarily to switch over from PT benzene to linear alkyl benzene by June 1965. In the United Kingdom a similar type of “gentleman’s agreement ” was entered into.
测试方法的开发实际上证明了线性烷基苯是可生物降解的。德国提出立法禁止将非生物降解的材料排放到污水系统中。在美国，洗涤剂生产商在1965年六月份起自愿将PT-苯转换成直链烷基苯。英国也达成了类似的“君子协定”。
Lesson32 Cosmetics Today(P179)
当代化妆品
Cosmetic arts and practices go hand in hand with the history and prehistory of mankind. Scientific development of cosmetics started only late in the last century ，continuing during the first half of this century. However, during the period since World War II –particularly in the last two or three decades –cosmetic science has advanced at an impressive pace. The range of subject covered by papers delivered last month at the 16th IFSCC Congress held in New York City clearly shows the expansion of cosmetic science.
化妆品艺术及其应用一直伴随着人类历史与史前史。化妆品科学直到上世纪晚期才开始发展起来，比延续到了本世纪中叶。然而，在世界第二次大战后，尤其是最近二三十年间，化妆品学科有了巨大的发展。上个月在纽约召开了第十六届国际化妆品化学家协会联合代表大会，会议收集的论文涉及到很多学科，这清楚地表明，化妆品学扩展了。
P182
In the face of this positive state-of-the-industry situation some politicians insist that
cosmetics are unsafe and that the industry needs more regulation. The beauty of the free enterprise system is that it can be self-regulation. And , in the case of cosmetic products, the industry has shown that it is capable of regulating itself from within. Our safety record speaks for itself .Each individual company is fully aware that to exist and excel we must come out with more innovative and better products, because of the very competitive nature of business . To regulate the industry will slow down and eventually stagnate the innovation process. It will not be in the best interest of the consumers.
面对这种积极的行业形势，一些政客坚持认为，化妆品是不安全的，该行业需要更多的管理。自由企业制度的优点在于它可以自我管理。至于化妆产品，该行业已表明它有自身内部调节的能力。我们的安全记录清晰的说明了一切。由于商业十分激烈的竞争，每一个独立的企业都充分的认识到，必须有所创新并且开发出更好的产品，才能得到生存与发展。注重企业管理会减慢其创新的和脚步，最后悔导致其停滞不前，而这不符合消费者的最佳利益。
Lesson33 Emulsions 乳状液P186
When an emulsion is formed, the surface area between the dispersed and continuous phases to a great extent. The increase in surface area increase the free energy and therefore the instability of the emulsion. An emulsifier absorbing at the interface will lower the surface free energy and enhance the formation of an emulsion
乳液液一旦形成，在分散相和连续相的表面积有很大程度的增加，表面积的增加自由能，造成乳液的不稳定性，界面乳化剂的吸附将会降低表面自由能和促进乳液的形成。
The type of the emulsifier used determines the manner in which it is absorbed at the surface of the oil-water interface. Not only does this surface active agent reduce the surface tension between the two phases but it controls the type of emulsion formed(oil-water,or water-oil) and the stability of the dispersed particles.
乳化剂种类的使用决定其吸附于油水界面表面的方式，这不仅仅使表面活性降低在两相中的表面张力，而且控制着乳液类型的形成（油—水或水-油）和分散粒子的稳定性。
Lesson45 Practice of Distillation(P238)
蒸馏
General Methods of Distillation—No investigation has yet been undertaken of the process by which steam actually isolates the essential oil from aromatic plants. It is
commonly assumed that the steam penetrated the plant tissue and vaporizes all volatile substances. If this were true, the isolation of oil from plants by hydrodistillation would appear to be a rather simple , merely requiring a sufficient quantity of steam. Howeve r, such is not the case. In fact, hydrodistillation of plants involves several physicochemical processes which will be discussed later.
蒸馏的一般方法——用水蒸气从芳香植物中实际分离出精油的操作，直到目前还没有进行过研究。人们通常认为水蒸气渗透植物组织并且蒸出所有的挥发性物质。如果这是真的，用水蒸馏法从植物分离精油将是一个很简单的过程，仅仅需要足够量的水蒸气。然而，实际情况并非如此。事实上，植物水蒸馏法涉及到物理化学过程，这些过程将在稍后讨论。
Lesson 50 the role of fragrance in consumer product （P253）
Products have attibutes : they have form,size,price,efficacy,names,fragrance. An understanding of hte ralationships between attributes and benefits and of their purposeful use is a key to the art of developing and marketing consumer products. In this text we explore these relationships in a greneral way, with an emphasis on one attribute-fragrance
产品有很多属性，它们有形状，大小，价格，功效，名称，香味。认识产品属性和用途之间的关系以及对它们有目的性的应用，是开发和销售日用品技巧的关键，我们在本文中用常规的方式，探索这些属性并强调其中的一个属性--香味
Product attributes in turn can be divided into three types 产品属性依次可分为三大类：
(1) Functional attributes are directly ralated to how well a product dose its job,hence to the primary product benefits. The horsepower,break effectiveness and interior dimensions of a car ,the neutralzation potential of an antacid are functional attributes.
功能属性跟产品的用途好坏有直接关系，因此这是产品基本用途。车的马力，刹车性能和内部容积，抗酸剂的中和效果等都是功能属性。
(2) Nonfunctional attributes are directly rakated to secondary benefits. important among these are the aestheic attributes -- the color of a car and its upholstery, and the taste of an antacid.
非功能属性直接跟产品次要用途有关，其中最重要的美学属性---车子的颜色以及它的内饰，抗酸剂的味道。
(3) Signal attributes are related to benefits not directly but through association or suggestion . To illustrate the styling of a car may suggest power, reliability,or safety and is signal attributes with respect to these benefits.
信号属性与产品的用途不直接相关，但可通过联想或提示与产品的用途相联系。为了阐明车的款式，我们可以用功率，可靠性，安全性等信号属性表示它们的用途。
Lesson 51 Food Additives 食品添加剂 (P257)
化工专业英语作业翻译
