a successful aspect of the business that IKEA became solely a furniture company in 1951.
In 1953 IKEA opened its first showroom in Almhult, Sweden. IKEA is known today for its spacious stores with furniture iti attractive settings, but in the early 1950s, people ordered from catalogues. Thus response to the first showroom was overwhelmiig: people loved being able to see and try the furniture before buying it. This led to increased sales and the company continued to thrive. By 1955, IKEA was designing all its own furniture.
In 1956 Kamprad saw a man disassembling a table to make it easier to transport. Kamprad was inspired. The man had given him a great idea: flat packaging3. Flat packaging would mean lower shipping costs for IKEA and lower prices for customers. IKEA tried it and sales soared. The problem was that people had to assemble furniture themselves, but over time, even this grew into an advantage for IKEA. Nowadays, IKEA is often seen as having connotations of self-sufficiency. This image has done wonders for the company, leading to better sales and continued expansion.
Today there are over 200 stores in 32 countries. Amazingly, Ingvar Kamprad has managed to keep IKEA a privately-held company. In 2004 he was named the world's richest man. He currently lives in Switzerland and is retied from the day-to-day operations of IKEA. IKEA itself, though, just keeps on growing.
31. Kamprad established IKEA with A . his personal savings
B . his father's reward for his school performance C . large profits from selling things D . his school’s support
32. The author states in Paragraph 5 that flat packaging A . needs large space to assembly fumiture B . is a business concept inspired by Kamprad C . helps reduce transportation costs D . makes the company self-sufficient
33. According to the passage.which of the following is NOT true? A . IKEA experienced rapid expansion since the late 1950s
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B . IKEA designd its own products since 1955
C . IKEA sold all kinds of miscellaneous goods originally D . Kamprad sold his company after retirement
34. what is the auther’s attitude towards IKEA’s future according to A . indifferent B . Doubtful C . Optimistic D . Pessimistic
35. The passage is developed primarily in terms of A . analysis of a process
B . examples that illustrate a problem C . comanson and contrast D . sequence events
第二篇 Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
It bays to be smart, but we are not all smart in the same way .You may be a talented musician, but you might not be a good reader. Each of us is different.
Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities .Psychologists have two different views on intelligence .Some believe there is one general intelligence .Others believe there are many different intelligences . Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests .These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests .They do well on tests using words, numbers or pictures. They do well on individual or group tests, and written or oral tests .Those who do poorly on one test, do the same on all tests.
Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence .The brain of intelligence people use less energy during problem solving .The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction .Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from
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differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain .
Howard Gardner, a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education, has four children .He believes that all children are different and shouldn’t be tested by one intelligence test .Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists, he doesn’t think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling .He think that the human mind has different intelligences .These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life .Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences .Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences .
Gardner says that his theory is based on biology .For example ,when one part of the Brain is injured ,other parts of the brain still work .People who cannot talk because of Brain damage can still sing .So ,there is not just one intelligence to lose .Gardner has Identified 8 different kinds of intelligence; linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, Interpersonal, intrapersonal, body-kinesthetic(身体动觉的),and naturalistic .
36. What is the main idea of this passage? A . The importance of intelligence B . The development of intelligence tests C . How to understand intelligence D . How to become intelligent
37. Which of the following statements is true concerning general intelligence? A . Most intelligent people do well on some intelligence tests B . Intelligent people do not do well on group tests
C . Intelligent people do better on written tests than on oral tests
D . People doing well on one type of intelligence test do well on other tests 38. Gardner believe that A . all children are alike
B . children have different intelligences C . children should take one intelligence test
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D . there is no general intelligence 39. According to Gardner schools should A . promote development of all intelligences B . test student's who do poorly on tests C . train students who do poorly on tests
D . focus on finding the most intelligent students 40. Gardner thinks that his theory has a A . musical foundation B . intrapersonal foundation C . linguistic foundation D . biological foundation
第三篇 The Workers' Role in Management
Traditionally， it has been the workers' role to work and management's role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm's operations with little thought to consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled to obtain the workers' opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most， companies have provided “suggestion boxes” in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years， however， many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor-they have a vital stake in the company and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore， major company decisions profoundly affect workers and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings， which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers， then play a stronger role in management?
Workers should have a role in management. At the very least the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions. (A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions.)Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs， often with no warning. At least 90 days——notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers
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before closing a plant because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating.
It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial decision making. There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm's board of directors or other major policymaking groups. If rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow， they will help to make improvements， their morale will rise， and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive they must be given a share in the company's profits. This can be done through employee stockownership plans， bonuses， or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally， when a plant can no longer operate at a profit， the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.
41. It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that managers A . were not qualified
B . seldom obtain workers opinion C . dislike suggestion workers opinions D . never consulted the tapor torce
42. In recent years，many management specialists have been arguing they A . should have a say in management of the company B . are no longer sellers of the products
C . are less affected by company decisions than before D . are able to make final decisions for the company 43. The word rank-file Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to A . senior B . ordinary C . intelligent D . capable
44. According to the passage，what happened between 1980 and 1985 A . About five million workers were laid off without advance notice B . Managers consulted workers before closing a plant
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2014年度全国职称英语等级考试综合B真题及答案
