2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)
The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 大1家 this is largely because, 大2家 animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 大3家 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 大4家 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, 大5家, we are extremely sensitive to smells, 大6家 we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 大7家 human smells even when these are 大8家 to far below one part in one million.
Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 大9家 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 大10家 smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 大11家 to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell 大12家 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 大13家 to it often enough.
The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it 大14家 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 大15家 new receptors if necessary. This may 大16家 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply do not need to be. We are not 大17家 of the usual smell of our own house, but we 大18家 new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 大19家 for unfamiliar and
Use of English
emergency signals 大20家 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
1. [A] although 2. [A] above 3. [A] limited 4. [A] catching 5. [A] anyway 6. [A] even if
7. [A] distinguishing 8. [A] diluted 9. [A] when 10. [A] unusual 11. [A] signs
12. [A] at first 13. [A] subjected
14. [A] ineffective 15. [A] introduce 16. [A] still 17. [A] sure
18. [A] tolerate 19. [A] available 20. [A] similar to
[B] as
[C] but
[D] while [B] unlike [C] excluding
[D] besides [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore [B] if only
[C] only if
[D] as if
[B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting [B] dissolved [C] dispersed [D] diffused [B] since
[C] for
[D] whereas [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical [B] stimuli [C] messages [D] impulses [B] at all [C] at large [D] at times [B] left
[C] drawn
[D] exposed [B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create [B] also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless [B] sick [C] aware
[D] tired [B] repel
[C] neglect
[D] notice
[B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable [B] such as
[C] along with [D] aside from
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)
Text 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.
[A] posing a contrast [B] justifying an assumption [C] making a comparison [D] explaining a phenomenon
22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph l) implies that
________.
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals [B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other [D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because
they are ________.
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get [B] attentive to researchers’ instructions [C] nice in both appearance and temperament [D] more generous than their male companions
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the
monkeys ________.
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers [B] can be taught to exchange things [C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated [D] are unhappy when separated from others 25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. [B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. [C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. [D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
Text 2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early
graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of “paralysis by analysis.”
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ________.
[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and
death [B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant [C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life [D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense 27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ________.
[A] a protector [B] a judge [C] a critic [D] a guide
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析
