2） slang （俚语）
3） literary expressions（书面表达）
The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned（指派）different meanings.
2.Rhetorical features(修辞色彩) 1) phonetic manipulation （语音处理）： （1）alliteration头韵法 （2）rhyme尾韵法
2）lexical manipulation（词法处理）
（1）reiteration（duplication of synonyms）同义词并举 [scream and shout] （2）repetition 重复[out and out]
（3）juxtaposition (of antonyms) 反义词并置 [here and there]
3.figures of speech（修辞格） （1）simile明喻 （2）metaphor暗喻
（3）metonymy换喻/以名词代动作：live by one?s pen （4）synecdoche提喻/以部分代整体：earn one?s bread （5）Personification拟人法
（6）Euphemism委婉语：kick the bucket(die) （7）hyperbole 夸张：a world of trouble
Variations of idioms(习语的变异形式)： 1.addition增加 2.deletion删除
3.replacement替换
4.position-shifting位置转移 5.dismembering分解
Chapter 10 English Dictionaries 英语字典
Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar, and in some, their etymology（语源）.
Types of dictionaries(词典的种类):
1.Monolingual & bilingual dictionaries（单语词典和双语词典）：最早的词典都是双语的
(1).Monolingual dictionary: is written in one language (LDCE, CCELD). The headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language.
(2).Bilingual dictionary: involve two languages (A New English-Chinese D, A Chinese-English D)
2.Linguistic and Encyclopedic dictionaries（语文词典与百科词典）
（1）Linguistic dictionary: aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the
language (spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical, function, usage and etymology etc.)可以是单语或是双语的 （2）Encyclopedic dictionary:
1）encyclopedia (百科全书):is not concerned with the language per se（本身）but provides encyclopedic information. Concerning each headword (not pronunciation, meanings, or usages) but only information.
2）Encyclopedic Dictionaries: have the characteristics of both linguistic D and encyclopedia (
3.Unabridged, desk and pocket dictionaries(大型词典、案头词典、袖珍词典) （1）Unabridged D: basic information about a word——its origin, meaning, pronunciation, cognates(同词源的),usage, grammatical, function, spelling, hyphenation, capitalization,
derived forms, synonyms and homonyms(同音异意)
（2）Desk D: medium-sized [50,000-150,000]
（3）Pocket D: 只有拼写、发音和最重要的意义，很少或者几乎不举例。about 50,000 entries or fewer
4.Specialized dictionaries（专用词典）
concentrate on a particular area of language or knowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usage in language, and computer, engineering, literature and a variety of other subjects.
Use of the dictionaries(词典的使用)
1 read the contents page to find out quickly what information is included in the dictionary 2 read the guide to the use of the dictionary
Content of the dictionary（词典的内容） 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
spelling
pronunciation definition usage grammar
6. usage notes and language notes使用注释和语言注释 7. etymological information词源信息 8. supplementary matter补充事项 9.
Three good general dictionaries （3本常用字典）
1.Longman dictionary of contemporary English (LDCE) new edition(1987)《朗文当代英语词典》 新版：特征①clear grammar codes ②usage notes ③language notes
2.Collins COBUILD English language dictionary (CCELD) (1987) 《科林斯合作英语词典》：特征：①definition-in full sentences ②extra column-deal with grammar information ③usage examples-to show its meanings and usages
3.A Chinese-English dictionary (revised edition) (CED)(1995)《汉英字典修订版》：首版1978年。
（1）has an addition of 800 single character entries and of 18000
multi-character entries including catchphrases, sayings and proverbs. （2）revised some old entries
（3）keeps the previous alphabetical order of entries, which makes the dictionary easy to use
（4）boasts of the quality of the English equivalents it provides for its Chinese items.
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
