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第一节 关于语音的几个概念
1、音素: 构成语音的最小单位。英语音素共有48个。音标是用来表示音素的符号。目前常用的音标是国际音标和kk音标，音标一律放在[ ]或/ /中，以示区别字母。英语中有26个字母，其中5个元音字母(a、e、i、o、u)1个半元音字母y（还可用作辅音字母），辅音字母20个。这些26个字母及其组合分别构成48个音素。音标大体可以分为两类，元音和辅音，其中 20个元音，28个辅音。注意英语单词的拼写与读音往往不一致，同一个字母或字母组合可代表不同的音素，而不同的字母组合却又可代表相同的音素。 2、元音: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,发音时声带振动，是音节的主要组成部分.英语中有20个元音：
单元音12个：前元音4个[i:] [i] [e] [?]
中元音2个[?:] [?]
后元音6个[a:] [?] [?:] [?] [u:] [u]
双元音8个，合口双元音5个[ei] [ai] [?u] [au] [?i]
集中双元音3个[i ?] [ε?] [u? ]
3、辅音: 发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,分清辅音和浊辅音，清辅音发音时声带不振动，浊辅音发音时声带振动，不是音节的重要组成部分,英语中有28个辅音.清辅音11个，浊辅音17个。 [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [e] [?] [?] [t? ] [d? ] [tr] [dr] [ts] [dz][h] [r] [l] [m] [n][?] [w] [j]
4、音节: 音节是语言的最小单位，可由元音音素单独构成，也可由元音音素加辅音音素构成，还可由辅音音素中的响音[l]、 [m] 、[n]、 [? ]与前面的辅音音素构成。包含一个音节的词叫单音节词，包含两个音节的词叫双音节词，包含三个或以上音节的词叫多音节词。双音节词和多音节词的音节划分，两个元音之间只有一个辅音，辅音划给后一个音节；如两个元音之间有两个辅音，一个音节划一个辅音。 5、重读音节：在双音节词或多音节词中，读得特别响亮的那个音节叫做重读音节，其他为非重读音节，多音节词有时还有一个次重读音节。单音节词本身就是重读音节。重读音节中的元音后没有辅音字母，或有辅音字母（r除外）加不发音的e，叫重读闭音节。重读音节中的元音后有辅音字母（r除外）且其后没有不发音的e，叫重读闭音节。 6、开音节:
1)辅音+元音+辅音+不发音e kite cake name bike make take home plane shine 2)辅音+元音 he hi go no do be tree three hello 7、闭音节:
1)辅音+元音+辅音 sit bed bad bag hot hop let mad map head 2)元音+辅音 it is of in on up out ant
8、r音节：是以一个元音字母加r构成的重读音节。元音字母在重读r音节中均读长元音，元音字母不按照一般音节的规则读音，读法如下：ar[a:],er、ir、ur[?:] ，or[?:]。
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第二节 26个字母发音规律
a 开音节 /ei/ name cake table 例外 /?/ have
闭音节 /?/ apple cat map 例外 /α: / want dance /o/ what watch b /b/ book big bag box
c /k/ cat cake cup clock car
/s/ face nice pencil books d /d/ desk doll dog dad
e 开音节 /i:/ he she meet me 闭音节 /e/ elephant egg bed pen f /f/ fine friend fly foot fan g /ɡ/ gun glass glad glove /d / age orange
h /h/ hat he house hand
i 开音节 /ai / fine bike five ice 例外/i/live give /i:/police
闭音节/i/ is sit miss pig picture例外/ai /kind wild j / d / jeep jam jacket jar k /k/ kite cake black thank
l /l/ leg left ruler flag lamp m /m/ am map my mouth milk n /n/ no know new hand
o 开音节/?u / old home nose coke 例外/∧ /some /u:/ to
闭音节/o/ dog not clock box例外/∧ / son month mother /?u / both p /p/ map jeep pig pen apple q /kw / quite quilt quick
r /r/ red radio brother racket s /s/ sit miss this smile books
/z/ nose those rose rulers
t /t/ it sit not that table little
u 开音节 /ju: / use usually excuse例外/u:/rule
闭音节/∧ / bus us sun duck
/ u / put pull push例外/u:/truth / i /busy
V /v / five vase very seven w /w/ we window watch want x /ks / box six fox
y /ai / my fly why bye 在词中或词尾，无元音
/ i / happy baby very 在词中或词尾，有元音 / j / yes yellow 在词首
Z / z / zoo zero
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第三节 元音和辅音
1 、元音:元音字母的读音取决于位于重读音节还是非重读音节，重读音节中读字母本身音，非重读音节中读短音。元音字母和元音字母或元音字母和辅音字母都可组成字母组合。 前元音4个[i:] [i] [e] [?]
1）[i:] 发音字母： e he she me(e)
字母组合: ie ee ea
piece receive ceiling (ie,ei)
three tree green sheep meet seek(ee)
eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak 2) [i] 发音字母：e i y defect decide delicious
sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig myth many twenty happy dictionary 3) [e] 发音字母：e a
elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better any many
字母组合：ea head bread pleasure
4) [?] 发音字母： a bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back 中元音2个[?:] [?]
5) [?:] 字母组合： ir er or ur ear
girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird term her nerd serve work worm work world
turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger learn earn earth heard
6) [?] 发音字母：a o e u around account ago polite
elephant manta banana Canada Japan china men listen famulus Saturday
字母组合： ar er or ou
collar dollar together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder doctor actor mayor author tractor delicious gracious pleasure familiar
后元音6个[a:] [?] [?:] [?] [u:] [u]
7) [a:] 发音字母：a fast class last glass plant aunt calm
字母组合：ar car farm card arm garden
8) [?] 发音字母：u o
up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus come mother dose brother love above
字母组合：oo ou blood flood trouble rough flourish
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9) [?:]字母组合：al au ar aw or our
small wall talk tall hall ball call walk author caught autumn warm quarrel quarter draw saw flaw
short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store four mourn court bought 10) [?] 发音字母： o a
hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not want wash
11) [u:] 发音字母：o u shoe do two true truth blue full
字母组合： oo food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth
12) [u] 发音字母：o u put full bull pull push woman wolf 字母组合：oo ou look good foot book should could 双元音8个，合口双元音5个[ei] [ai] [?u] [au] [oi] 13) [ei] 发音字母：a name cake late gate plane April 字母组合：ai ay ea ey rain paint plain play say may way great break they grey 14) [ai] 发音字母：i y
bike fine find die nine light night high my try fly eye
15) [?u] 发音字母： o home cold go no phone host ghost
字母组合：oa ow
boat coat goal know low below grow blow show flow 16) [au] 字母组合： ou ow
house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse flower down now cow how town 17) [?i] 字母组合 oi oy
oil soil voice choice boy toy joy 集中双元音3个[i ?] [ε?] [u? ] 18) [i ?] 字母组合： eer
beer deer ear idea near here fierce 19) [ε?] 字母组合： ear air
pear bear chair air fair care there where
20) [u? ]字母组合：our hour tour poor flower shower 2、容易混淆的元音
[?] [e]bad bed hand head man men land lend pan pen sad said [i：] [ei]real rail greet great mean main read raid [e] [ai]bet bite red write said side head hide
[au] [?:]house horse loud lord south sauce cloud clause now nor [au] [∧]found fond down done gown gone town ton
3、辅音：英语的辅音字母发音较为简单。有的仅有一种读音，有的有两种读音，还有几个有多种读音，如:c、s、t、n。一些辅音字母可以组成字母组合。
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1) [p] pen pear play pig pour pull push 2) [b] book big boot bike bread break 3) [t] tree two ten ton town twenty city 4) [d] door dull desk dose do dog dictionary
5) [k] 发音字母k king kite key look cook book kitchen sky
发音字母c card cat cream correct climb come account 发音字母x fox box oxygen x-ray 字母组合ch school schedule schema
6) [g] girl good goal goat grade long language
7) [f] 字母f five fly fine flag frog fog roof knife life wife
字母gh cough laugh rough 字母ph physic photo phone
8) [v] 字母v very evening even every voice vest
字母f of off
9) [s] 字母s six sit student same seat kiss miss case scarf
字母c license city cease cedar ceiling celebrate
字母组合ce licence piece juice science lance space ace
10) [z] zoo zebra zero zap (z)
close nose hose suppose pause those whose (se) 11) [θ] think thank three thirty tooth mouth 12) [e] that this those these though
13) [?] 字母组合sh sheep shoulder ship shoe she brush wash
字母 t nation attention station 字母c social special 字母s sure
14) [?] pleasure
15) [t?] 字母组合ch child chicken china chair lunch ouch teach
字母组合tch catch watch match
16) [d? ] age language cabbage vegetable stage bridge joy enjoy join July June junk
17) [tr] tree country try treat track trunk 18) [dr] dry dream drop drive drink
19) [ts] students boots boats goats nuts 20) [dz] goods woods moods hoods
21) [h] hot hop home house horse how who 22) [r] read red right run room write
23) [l] long land lend lord fly flag black world cold could goal 24) [m] man make moon morning move come comb 25) [n] pen ten nine fine night noon moon clean 26) [?] uncle bank English think thank junk sing king morning evening
27) [w] when what where window wind wood 28) [j] yes year yell you your yolk yellow 4、容易混淆的辅音
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英语地英标-发音规则及练习
