2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语(二)试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
It’s not difficult to set targets for staff. It is harder, _1_ to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. _2_ one and the others become distorted.
Travel on London bus and you'll _3_ see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to _4_ that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are _5_. How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclist.
Why? Because the target is_6_. People complained that buses were late and infrequent. _7_, the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were _8_ or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they _9_ hit cyclists. If the target was changed to _10_, you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more _11_ drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.
There is another _12_: people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you _13_ that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a _14_ is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.
The _15_ of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well _16_ others. Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a _17_. Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences. This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument tor exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria _18_ factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to _19_ just one or even two dimensions of die objective, but also to understand how to help people better _20_ the objective. 1. [A] therefore [B] however [C] again [D] moreover 2. [A] Emphasize [B] Identity [C] Access [D] Explain 3. [A] nearby [B] curiously [C] eagerly [D] quickly 4. [A] claim [B] prove [C] check [D] recall 5. [A] ignored [B]threatened [C] mock [D] blamed
6. [A] punctuality [B]hospitality [C] competition [D] innovation
7. [A] tolerant [B] formal [C] rigid [D] critical
8. [A] Yet [B] So [C] Besides [D] Still 9. [A] only [B] rather [C] once [D] also
10. [A] comfort [B] revenue [C] efficiency [D] security 11. [A] friendly [B] quiet [C] cautious [D] diligent 12. [A] purpose [B] problem [C] prejudice [D] policy 13. [A] reported [B] revealed [C] admitted [D] noticed 14. [A] break [B] trip [C] department [D] transfer 15. [A] moral [B] background [C] style [D] form
16. [A] interpret [B] criticize [C] sacrifice [D] tolerate
17. [A] task [B] secret [C] protect [D] cost
18. [A] leading to [B] calling for [C] relating to [D] accounting for
19. [A] specify [B] predict [C] restore [D] create 20. [A] modify [B] review [C] present [D] achieve
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
-Text 1-
“Reskilling” is something like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by the WEF, detailed in the Harvard Business Review, finds that on average 42 percent of the “core skills\can only imagine what the changes will be further in the future.
The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills are. That does not always happen. AT&T is often given as the gold
standard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy, ultimately retraining 18,000 employees. Prepandemic, other companies including Amazon and Disney had also pledged to create their own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy though, the focus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers, even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.
With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February, at 3.5 percent and 53 per cent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 percent and 13.7 percent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.
Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks, no matter who pays for it. But even if you cannot close that gap, maybe you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned. That seems to be the case in Sweden: when forced to furlough 90 percent of their cabin staff, Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retraining program that reskilled the laid off workers to support hospital staff. The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.
21. Research by the World Economic Forum suggests___. [A] a controversy about the “core skills\[B] an increase in full-time employment [C] an urgent demand for new jobs skills [D] a steady growth of job opportunities
22. AT&T is cited to show___.
[A] an immediate need for government support [B] an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy [C] the characteristics of reskilling programs [D] the importance of staff appraisal standards.
23. Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada___. [A] have appeared to be insufficient [B] have driven up labour costs [C] have proved to be inconsistent [D] have met with fierce opposition
2021年考研英语(二)：真题+答案+解析
