科技英语翻译心得
?Applied science, on the other hand, is directly concerned with the application of the working laws of pure science to the practical affairs of life, and to increasing man`s control over his environment, thus leading to the development of new techniques, processes and machines.
?另一方面，应用科学则直接研究如何将理论科学中的定律用于生活实践，用于加强人类对周围世界的控制，从而导致新技术、新工艺和新机器的产生。
二、增加并列成分或并列句
The kinds of materials to be machined, variation in the types of machine tools chosen for a particular operation, the speeds at which the machining is performed, the selection of coarse and fine feeds, the kinds of cut (whether light or heavy),and the kinds of fluids used for cooling and lubricating are factors determining which material, of the several available, is best suited to the purpose in mind.
?待加工材料的种类、某种加工所选择的机床种类、加工时的速度、粗细进给量的选择、切削的方式（是轻切还是重切削）以及冷却和润滑液的种类，这些都是确定（刀具）材料的因素。根据这些因素来确定在现有的几种材料中哪一种最适合要求。
三、由短语或从句充当句子成分
?1．The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light small bulbs, even to run an electric motor, is almost unbelievable.
? 鱼能发电，其强度足以点亮小灯泡，甚至能开动马达，这简直是令人难以置信的。 ?2．But man is a little like a detective arriving at the scene millions or billions of years after the event—and trying to reconstruct the event.? 但是人类有点儿象侦探，在事情发生几百万年或几十亿年之后才到达出事现场，而且还试图复述事件的经过始末。?
?3．Aeroplane wings also have an angle of attack and are fitted to the fuselage（机身） with the leading edge slightly higher than the trailing edge when seen in the flying position.
? 机翼也有攻角，从飞行时的位置来看，装在机身上的机翼，其前缘要比后缘高些。
?1.4 科技英语写作素材
进行学术论文或科研报告的写作时，很重要的一点是运用他人的工作和思想，即运用他人已发表的信息材料来支持自己的观点和判断。在选取素材时，有三个基本技巧： ?引用（quoting）、
?意译（或间接引用）（paraphrasing） ?参考文献（documenting）。
?写作时如果需要直接运用他人信息，逐字拷贝他人信息，即为引用；
?如果只需要原始信息的内含意思而不是精确的原词汇，那么首先是试图吸收全部信息，然后，用自己的语言表达，即为意译；
?在引用和意译时，为使他人确信信息的可靠性，以告知他人引用信息源于何人何处，需引出材料的出处，即为参考文献。
?1.5 科技英语写作题材
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技术描述是科技英语写作中常用的方法。技术描述一般要求对某物体、装置、设备等的尺寸、形状、结构、材料及制作装配方法等各个细节加以说明。与带有情感和激发人想象的文字描述不同，技术描述要求客观，简练、精确。
?技术描述一般分为：
?构造描述（Structure Description）、
?物体和物质描述（Objects and Substance Description）、 ?实验解说描述（Experimental and Explanatory Description） ?过程描述 (Process Description)。
1）物体和物质描述。
?一般是针对某事物或某物质及特性进行描述。其具体内容包括物体的物理特性和物质的化学特性。此类描述的步骤为：
?1． 定义；
?2. 物理或化学性质； ?3. 主要用途 ?例如：Nitric acid
? Nitric acid is a colorless, fuming（发烟） liquid with a boiling point of 80 0C．It used to be called
\．” It has the Chemical formula HN03 ．Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent ．It attacks most metals, producing fumes of nitrogen dioxide ．Its low boiling point indicates that it is highly volatile ．The reaction of nitric acid with organic substances produces important compounds such as TNT and celluloid（明胶） ．It is also widely used in the fertilizer industry. ?(2）实验描述。主要是说明某一实验的对象、器具以及实验的步骤。在实验描述中，常用一般现在时态，也可以用一般过去时，但在同一篇描述中，不能将两个时态混合使用。此外，句子的人称主语应始终保持一致。一般形式可以是祈使、被动、第一人称单数、复数、第二人称复数。
?(3)过程描述。主要是解释某事物的产生过程、工作原理和从事某事的步骤或机械运行程序等。过程描述是科技英语写作的重要一环。过程描述的结构是： ?①引言；
?②构成整个过程的各主要步骤及各步骤的解释； ?③结论（或结果）。
?引言可以是正式定义，也可以指出某一过程产生的时间、地点、原因或实行者。必要时，引言中也可提出实现某一过程的特定时间、特定条件（如温度、湿度、无尘、通风等）或实现某一过程的必要准备等。
?各个步骤的描述和解释一般均按时间顺序列出。在描述中，常用到first, second, finally等表示先后的时间接续词。例如：
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?Sulphur Extraction by the Frasch Process．
?In some parts of the world sulphur deposits lie too deep to be mined in the ordinary way ．However, in about 1900 an American engineer called Heman Frasch developed a process for the extraction of this deep-lying sulphur. The Frasch process depends on the fact that the melting point of sulphur is only a little above the boiling point of water. The process consists of three basic operations. First, large amounts of water are super-heated，in other words，the water is heated under pressure to above its normal boiling point ．Secondly, this super-heated water is pumped down the well so that it melts the sulphur. Finally, the molten sulphur is pumped to the surface. 二、技术报告
?技术报告是科技英语写作中的重要部分。可根据报告内容和目的分为实地调查报告（Field Report）、进度报告（Progress Report） ,实验报告（Laboratory Report）、测试报告（Test Report）等。技术报告主要提供进展情况，调查、实验或测试的结果。报告可以用书信形式书写，也可以用报告形式书写。
?实地调查报告是根据现场调查或对事物的实际考察，了解具体情况之后所写的报告。其内容可以是关于某产品的试制或使用情况、某种方法的采用情况、某事物的状况以及提出的建议等。
?进度报告是报导某项工作或工程的进展情况和进一步的计划。主要叙述工作背景、至报告时完成的情况、此后的任务、可能出现的问题和解决的办法等。
?实验报告一般包括在实验室验证某一理论的实验报告书和对某一仪器设备检测结果的报告书。实验报告一般含有下列几个项目：标题、实验目的、理论根据、实验方法、结论和建议、参考资料等。
?测试报告类似于实验报告，主要内容是对某一仪器设备或工具的测试结果。测试报告一般包括：目的、测试对象、测试方法、结果、结论等。
三、摘要
?摘要是论文、学术报告、技术文章等的简短叙述。通过摘要，可以很快地了解文章的主要内容，判断文章的性质并决定是否有必要阅读此文。因此，摘要本身也是科技文章中重要的一部分。
?根据目的，摘要一般分为：
?说明性摘要（Descriptive Abstract)； ?资料性摘要（Informational Abstract)。
?说明性摘要只说明文章的主题，不介绍文章的内容（问题、方法、结果等），故不能替代文章。通常所说的摘要（Abstracts）多指说明性摘要，放于正文之前，篇幅较短，一般不超过200个单词。
?资料性摘要是整篇文章主要内容的简述，除了点明文章的主题外，还介绍文章的目的、研究的问题、采用的方法、主要论点、结论以及建议采取的措施等，包括了文章的主要思想和数据，因而可以作为文章的替代品。通常将此类摘要称为Summary，其篇幅较Descriptive Abstracts稍长，其长度约为文章的1/10或更少一点。摘要主要包括三个部分： ?①目的； ?②内容；
?③结论或建议。
?摘要的开头一般可用下列句型：
?The author /writer/paper/purpose/of this article…?The paper /essay/article describes/ explores…
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?The author investigates /presents‘’．An investigation was designed to ?结尾的常用句型有：
?The results suggest /show that·‘·?It is suggested /recommended that…The paper concludes that…
?摘要中包括的主要内容有：
?a. The problem to be solved or the process/
mechanism/phenomena to be described； ?b ．The scope of your work;
?c. The significant findings or results; ?d ．Any major conclusions;
?e ．Any major recommendations． ?Two Model Abstracts： ?Example one
?Descriptive Abstracts
?Chemical modification of the alkyl(烷基) side-chain of cardanol can lead to the formation of polyfunctional compounds．Cardanol was reacted using maleic anhydride（顺式丁二烯酸酐） as a dienophile（二烯亲和物） under various experimental conditions with products being obtained in up to 70% yield．IR，NMR and mass spectroscopy techniques have been used for preparing water-soluble binders（黏合剂） and modified（改良的） alkyd resins．The properties of the coatings so formed from these binders such as flexibility, hardness and resistance to water and chemicals were found to be superior to those of coatings based on conventional cardanol media.
?Informational Abstracts:?Chemical modification of the alkyl side-chain in the meta position of cardanol allows the formation of products with a potential industrial value.Polyfunctional compounds were obtained in substantial yields by the reaction of cardanol with maleic anhydride （顺式丁二烯酸酐） as a dienophile （二烯亲和物）．Spectroscopic studies indicate the formation of a reaction product which can easily be converted into water-soluble binders ．The coatings obtained from these binders exhibit better physical and chemical properties than conventional〔reference number〕 coatings based on cardanol media．The reaction product of cardanol and maleic anhydrides is useful in the modification of conventional alkyd resins by replacing part of the ph-thalic anhydride（邻苯二甲酰胺）．Air-drying products with better film properties are thus obtained．
?Example Two
?Descriptive Abstracts：?Studies of polyester（多元脂）/melamine（三聚氰胺） films using ATR FI-IR spectroscopy indicate that the melamine distribution across the films is uniform unless the hydroxyl（氢氧
根的）
content is low and the cure temperatures are relatively high·With polyester resins having an OH
number as low as 6，curing at 250'C with 30 w/w% melamine gives rise to melamine enrichment at the film-air interface．Enrichment is believed to result from melamine self-condensation near the interface．Although the distribution is a complex function and depends upon the amount of acid catalyst, the hydroxyl number of polyester, the film thickness and the reaction rate difference between the film-air and film-substrate interfaces，the primary factor leading to self-condensation is the loss of amine（碳氢基胺） at the surface．Apparently，these factors play a key role in melamine self-condensation near the film-air interface and may control such properties as the cross-link density and the modification of properties such as flexibility and stain resistance．
?Informational Abstracts:?ATR FT-IR spectroscopy has been utilized in this study to monitor the distribution of melamine （三聚氰胺） across polyester/melamine films ．Apparently the distribution of the
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melamine in a low OHV value polyester/melamine coating is such that excess melamine is found near the film-air interface, giving rise to improved stain resistance．This behavior is contrary to conventional polyester/melamine coatings which may have a uniform melamine distribution but poorer stain resistance properties．
Although the distribution of melamine may also depend upon other factors such curing conditions, concentration of acid catalyst and film thickness, the primary source of the non-uniform
distribution is the volatility of the amine which is believed to result from a fast self-condensation reaction of melamine at the film-air interface ．Although for the same coating formulations, improved stain resistance is usually attributed to the increased cross link density, in this case stain resistance is largely affected and improved by the film-air-rich melamine content.
?Although we have recently illustrated how the surface tension of a substrate and other factors may govern the behavior of surfactants in latex films【reference numbers】，to our knowledge the present is the first study which shows that by controlling the chemical reactions occurring during film formation, a non-uniform distribution of species across films may be obtained．This, in turn, may affect coating properties．
四、科技论文
?科技论文和报告是很重要的交流方式和手段。撰写科技期刊的论文主要步骤包括：选题（Choosing a Subject） ;收集资料（Gathering Information）；整理资料（Organizing Information）；实际撰写（Actual Writing)。写作时，论文格式和其他细节还要遵从不同期刊的具体要求。
1)选题（Choosing a Subject)
在选题时首先要明确的一点是你的思想和研究工作取得了理论或实际的
进展，并对其他研究人员的工作是有帮助的。
下面给出选择一个新而有创造性的主题时的有益的建议： ?①Read widely in your major field；
?②Have a wide acquaintance and communication with your instructors, colleagues and other professionals in your major field ;
?③Use your imagination and be critical of whatever you read or discuss
?④Pay attention to the impact that information from other fields may have on your field．
(2）选择期刊（Selecting a journal)。选择适于文章发表的期刊，要了解：
?①What Journals publish material of the kind you have;
?②Analyze the Journals you have chosen as
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