艺术（绘画、音乐、文学等等）揭示了那些隐藏的理念和社会的脉动。
While this assertion has merit, I think it unfairly generalizes about art. Consider two particular art forms: architecture and painting. 1. In more important architecture, one consistently sees a
reflection of society’s ideas and urges.
2. However, in more important paintings of the most recent
century one sees instead the artists’ personal and idiosyncratic vision of an aesthetic ideal.
艺术
------------------------------
143. \tends to undermine and constrain the artist's creativity.\
*those who evaluate works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc.
艺术家不必太在乎他们的批评者。批评总是在破坏和压制艺术家的创造力。
Although the critic can help us understand and appreciate art, more often than not, critique is either counterproductive to achieving the objective of art or altogether irrelevant to that objective.
1. To support the statement the speaker might point out the
ostensible functions of the art critic.
2. The values of these functions are in especially suspect. 艺术家和批评者（类似题目为压力对学生的影响） ------------------------------
144. \of lasting value.\
*a person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc.
艺术家而不是评论家带给了社会一些具有持久价值的东西。
*评论家指的是评价艺术作品的人，例如小说、电影、绘画等。
Artists and critics are supplement to each other.
1. It is the creative minds of artists that add hue to our quotidian
life.
2. However, a constructive criticism could help artists promote
their working level and tell people how to be a good connoisseur.
3. All of the greatest feats in history, which gave society
something of lasting value, are those created by artists and evaluated by critics. Appropriate critical evaluation might entice the people’s attention towards those works.
------------------------------
158. The arts (music, dance, visual arts, etc.) are vitally important to students' education and should therefore receive as much
emphasis as mathematics, science, reading and other mainstream subjects.\
艺术（音乐、舞蹈、视觉艺术等等）对与学生们的教育至关重要，因此应该和数学、自然科学等主流学科一样受到重视。
1. Arts will ignite the sparks of human minds, and will spur us
to quarry the beauty of the nature.
2. On the other hand, mainstream subjects can help students to
form critical logical mind that is crucial for making a disinterest decision. 3. It is an effective way to improve the learning efficiency by
introducing the arts to the science and engineering students. ------------------------------
190. \lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate--and, perhaps, even
cruel--when one considers all the potential uses of such money.\
一旦人们陷于饥饿、失业或者缺乏谋生的基本技能，运用公共资源去扶持艺术是很不恰当的----并且甚至是残忍的----尤其明知这些资金所有可能的用途。
1. The implicit rationale behind the speaker’s statement seems
to be that cultural enrichment pales in importance compared to food, clothing, and shelter.
2. It might also be tempting to agree with the speaker on the
basis that arts patronage is neither an appropriate nor a necessary function of government.
3. On the other hand are compelling arguments that public
support for the art is desirable, whether or not unemployment and hunger have been eliminated. One such argument is that by allocating public resources to the arts, we actually help 4. A second argument against the speaker’s position has to do
with the function and ultimate objectives of art.
------------------------------
218. \
sculpture, or a song--to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.\
任何的艺术作品为了有价值，例如电影、文学、雕塑或者歌曲，都必须让大多数人易于理解。
1. First consider musical art form. It would be absurd to assert
that the objective of music is to challenge the listener’s knowledge of music theory. In fact, listening to music is simply an encounter—an experience to be accepted at face value for its aural impact on our spirit and our emotions. 2. Next consider the art forms of painting and sculpture. If the
test for meritorious art were its ability to be clearly
understood by every observer, then our most valuable art would simply imitate the mundane physical world around us. 3. Finally, consider art forms such as poetry, song, and prose, in
certain cases stanzas and verses need not be “understood” to have merit, as much as they need be experienced for the images and emotions they evoke.
少数和多数之艺术价值 ------------------------------
243. \creations rather than in its scientific accomplishments.\
一个文明的真正价值是反映在艺术创造中的而不是它的科学成就。
We praise a civilization both for its artistic creations and for its scientific accomplishments.
1. Western civilization serves as a typical example of a balanced
development of arts and science.
2. By contrast, the Chinese civilization has bequeathed the
world a rich legacy of artistic creations, but its scientific accomplishments are insignificant.
3. A dynamic civilization should aim at promoting the
prosperity of both the arts and science.
艺术和科学
------------------------------
第九类 历史
26. \record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old
31
buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern
development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served.\
大多数人都同意一个社会的建筑物代表了它有价值的历史纪录，但是当现代规划者们觉得这些以前的建筑物所占据的土地可以被更有价值的使用于新目的时，就产生了争议，现代发展应该比保留历史建筑物更受重视以便于满足眼下的需求。
Which interest should take precedence should be determined on a case-by-case basis--and should account not only for practical and historic considerations but also aesthetic ones.
1. In determining whether to raze an older building, planners
should of course consider the community’s current and anticipated utilitarian needs.
2. Competing with a community’s utilitarian needs is an interest
preserving the historical record, the weight of which should also be determined on a case-by-case basic.
3. Also competing with a community’s utilitarian needs is the
aesthetic and architectural value of the building itself—apart from historical events with which it might be associated. 过去和现在之建筑物 ------------------------------
48. \The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten.\
历史研究过于关注个人。历史上最有意义的事件和潮流能够成为可能不是因为几个少数的名人而是一些身份早就被淡忘的人群。
1. Admittedly, at times distinctive groups of people have played
a more pivotal role than key individuals in important historical developments.
2. However, undue attention to the efforts and contributions of
various groups tends to obscure the cause-and-effect relationship with which the study of history is chiefly concerned.
3. Profound scientific inventions and discoveries of the past are
nearly all attributable not to forgettable groups of people but to certain key individuals.
少数和多数，精英和大众 ------------------------------
54. \cannot help people to make important decisions today.\
历史只教会了我们一件事：了解过去无助于人们今天做出重要的决定。
Disagree
1. It is a common misconception that what happened in the past
has nothing to do with present society.
2. Individually, men can learn from the experience of great
figures in history.
3. In business, case studies enable business people to confront
their every day challenges.
4. Admittedly, there are entirely new problems that we have to
cope with on our own without any precedent in history to refer to.
时间问题之历史不是今天的一面镜子 ------------------------------
103. \relevant to our daily lives.\
只有研究和我们日常生活相关的历史才有价值。 1. To begin with, learning about great human achievements of
the past provides inspiration.
2. In addition, mistakes of the past can teach us as a society how
to avoid repeating those mistakes.
3. Studying human history can also help us understand and
appreciate the mores, values, and ideals of past cultures.
4. Appreciating history can serve to elevate our everyday chores
to richer, more interesting, and more enjoyable experience. 历史研究
------------------------------
110. \become storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers.\
当我们通过研究历史来考虑自身问题的时候，我们就会变成说故事的人。因为我们不可能直接了解过去，只有通过解释一些史料来构造历史，所以探索历史更多是一件创造性的事业而不是客观的追寻。所有的历史学家都是讲故事的人。
I agree that it is the proper and necessary role of historians to “construct” history by interpreting evidence. Nevertheless, the speaker’s characterization of this role as “storytelling” carries certain unfair implications, which should be addressed.
1. Unless we grant to the historian a license to “construct”
history by interpreting evidence, we relegate the historian to the role of mere archivist or journalist.
2. The inexorable result of disagreement, debate, and divergent
interpretations among historians is a fuller and more incisive understanding of history.
3. However, we should be careful not to confuse this license to
interpret history, which is needed for any historian to contribute meaningfully to our understanding of it, with artistic license, which should be reserved for dramatists, novelists and poets. ------------------------------
125. \
过去是无法预测未来的。
1. Nobody can foretell the future exactly.
2. However, knowledge of the past can provide us a rough idea
about what might happen in the future.
3. Wisdom of the past provides necessary resources to help us
confront the old or new problems of the future. 过去和未来
------------------------------
189. \these works no longer answer the needs of the present.\
如果人们忽视了过去的伟大成就，那只能是因为这些成就已经不再满足现今的需要了。
1. In general, it would appear that art is more likely motivated
by an interest in keeping pace with science and technology than by a desire to break from it.
2. Admittedly, some works of art would appear to reject, or at
least provide a respite from, science and technology.
3. Moreover, the speaker’s concern for whether art’s function is
to embrace or oppose science and technology begs the
question, for the final objective of art lies instead in its ability to convey a society’s values, ideals, and concerns.
过去和现在之伟大成就
------------------------------
221. \illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history.\
32
研究历史最大的好处就是打破了这种假象：不同时代的人们之间基本上是完全不同的。
1. I agree with the statement insofar as through the earnest study
of human history we learn that basic human nature—our desires and motives, as well as our fears and foibles—has remained constant over recorded time.
2. However beneficial it might be to appreciate the unchanging
nature of humankind, it is equally beneficial to understand and appreciate significant differences between peoples of world's most persistent social problems.\
所有的国家都应该支持发展一所全球性的大学，它的主要目的是要让学生们致力于解决世界上最难缠的社会问题。
Disagree
1. First, participant nations would need to overcome a myriad of
different time periods—in terms of cultural mores, customs, values and ideals.
Another problem with the statement is that it undervalues other, equally important benefits of studying history.
第十类 国际
11. %university designed to engage students in the process of solving the
of society-including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences-will benefit greatly from international influences.\
随着全球网络在经济和通讯等领域中的发展，毫无疑问，社会的各个领域--包括教育、政治、艺术和科学--都会从国际影响中获益匪浅。 administrative and political impediments.
2. A second problem inherent in establishing a global university
involves the risk that certain intellectual and research avenues would become officially sanctioned while others of equal or greater potential value would be discouraged, or perhaps even proscribed.
3. A final problem with a global university is that the world’s
preeminent intellectual talent might be drawn to the sorts of problems to which the university is charged with solving, while parochial social problem go unsolved. 全球化问题之全球解难大学 ------------------------------
13. \fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct.\
世界上很多的小语种都快要消失了，因为越来越少的人在使用这些语言。使用这些小语种的国家应该采取行动以防止这样的语言逐渐销声匿迹。
I agree insofar as a country's indigenous and distinct languages should not be abandoned and forgotten altogether. At some point, however, I think cultural identity should yield to the more practical considerations of day-to-day life in a global society.
1. On the one hand, the indigenous language of any
geographical region is part-and-parcel of the cultural heritage of the region's natives.
2. Another important reason to prevent the extinction of a
language is to preserve the distinct ideas that only that particular language can convey.
3. On the other hand, in today's high-tech world of satellite
communications, global mobility, and especially the Internet, language barriers serve primarily to impede cross-cultural communication, which in turn impedes international commerce and trade.
4. Moreover, language barriers naturally breed
misunderstanding, a certain distrust and, as a result, discord and even war among nations.
5. Furthermore, in my view the extinction of all but a few major
languages is inexorable--as supported by the fact that the Internet has adopted English as its official language. Thus by intervening to preserve a dying language a government might be deploying its resources to fight a losing battle, rather than to combat more pressing social problems--such as hunger, homelessness, disease and ignorance--that plague nearly every society today.
反全球化问题之小语种与政府保护 ------------------------------
116. \
economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect
While those influences will no doubt benefit education and the sciences, the nature of those influences on the arts and on politics will probably be a mixed one-beneficial in some respects yet detrimental in others.
1. The clearest and most immediate beneficiaries of
international influences are students.
2. The science clearly benefit from international influences as
well.
3. With respect to the arts, however, the speaker’s claim is far
less convincing.
4. The impact of global networking on political relations might
turn out to be a mixed one as well.
全球化
------------------------------
197. \necessarily connected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries.\
一个国家的物质进步和安定和其他所有国家的物质进步和安定是紧密相关的。 Agree:
1. Turning first to economic progress and well-being, the
economic pursuits of any nation today are not merely connected to but actually interwoven with those of other nations.
2. In other cases the economic connection between nations is
synergic—either mutually beneficial or detrimental.
3. Nations have also become interconnected in the pursuit of
scientific and technological progress.
4. The world’s nations have become especially interconnected
in terms of their public health. 国家之间的关系
------------------------------
205. \new information, the effects on life-long learning can only be positive.\
全世界各个社会获得崭新信息的手段越来越多，这对于人们一生的学习来说是有益无害的。
The effects of the abundant information available through the electronic media on life-long learning are not always positive. 1. There is no doubt that the electronic media such as the
Internet can make great contributions to life-long learning by providing people with on-line education through their lives. 2. However, we should not equate information with education. 3. There are still many problems to be solved before people
everywhere in the world can use the internet for life-long learning. 全球化之信息
------------------------------
33
第十一类 传媒
38. \once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books.\
电视时代的读书已经不像以前那么重要了。人们通过看电视学到的和他们读书所能学到的一样多。
Disagree
1. Admittedly, television holds certain advantages over books
for imparting certain types of knowledge.
2. However, the speaker overlooks several respects in which
books are inherently superior to television as a medium for learning.
3. The speaker also ignores the decided tendency on the part of
owners and managers of television media to filter information in order to appeal to the widest viewing audience, and thereby maximize profit.
4. Another compelling argument against the speaker’s claim has
to do with how well books and television serve their respective archival functions. 现代技术之电视和读书 ------------------------------
60. \individual to speak for a particular group, whether or not that individual truly represents the views of the entire group.\
媒体和整个社会错误地希望某个人的发言就是代表了某一个特定的群体，无论这个个人是否代表了整个群体的意见。
There is high risk that the media and society may place unrealistically high expectation on an individual’s ability to represent a particular group.
1. The interviewees, usually chosen by chance to present
through the media, cannot represent either the whole public of a particular group.
2. Even in a so-called democratic country, the representative
chosen by a particular group on the basis of majority rule are not supposed to speak for the majority of the group. 3. It is necessary for society to remain sensitive to the
limitations of representatives to represent the public. 少数和多数之发表意见 ------------------------------
109. \want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves.\
很多广告的目的是要消费者去购买一件产品以使得消费者们像广告中的人物。这类的广告很有效因为它不仅是在销售产品更是在帮助人们自我感觉更好。
This assertion actually consists of two claims: that this advertising technique is used effectively in selling many products, and that consumers who succumb to this technique actually feel better about themselves as a result. While I agree with the first claim, I strongly disagree with the second one.
1. As for whether the many, many ads portraying models are
effective in selling products, I am not privy to the sort of statistical information required to answer this question with complete certainty. However, my intuition is that this technique does help sell products; otherwise, advertisers would not use it so persistently.
2. Consumers lured by the hope of \
ad might experience some initial measure of satisfaction in the form of an ego boost. However, this sense of optimism is ephemeral, invariably giving way to disappointment that the purchase did not live up to its implicit promise.
广告
------------------------------
111. \worldwide distribution of television programs and advertisements is seriously diminishing the differences among cultures.\
电视节目和广告的全球性扩张正在严重地消除着不同文化之间的差异。
Television should not be blamed for causing the diminishing of cultural differences.
1. A common misconception is that television, with its
programs and advertisements, has damaged the cultural diversity of the world.
2. What should be blamed is the domination of television
programs by one culture, say the Western culture, which would surely lead to cultural homogeneity throughout the world. 全球化之电视
------------------------------
161. \
possible for a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.\
在今天这个媒体铺天盖地的社会中，人们已经很难把任何人当作英雄了。任何人只要是沦为媒体的话题，那么他注定会名声扫地。
Agree
1. In order to maximize profits the media are simply giving the
public what they demand—scrutiny of heroic public figures that serves to diminish their reputation.
2. Intense media scrutiny raises a presumption, at least in
public’s collective mind, that their hero is guilty of some sort of character flaw or misdeed.
媒体
------------------------------
215. \has the effect of making people less able to focus clearly and extensively on a single issue over a long period of time.\
当代社会中视觉形象的冲击导致了人们愈加无法长时间清晰而深刻地将注意力集中在一件事情上。
With the bombardment of visual images through mass media in contemporary society, it is possible that people will become more and more passive audience rather than creative thinkers.
1. Throughout history, artists have skillfully used images to
make people think.
2. Today, with the introduction of CAI into the classroom,
teachers can make their courses more vivid, more attractive and more effective.
3. Unfortunately, however, electronic media such as TV and the
Internet tend to bombardment people with images, stimulating their senses rather than their thinking.
全球化之信息
------------------------------
34
GRE作文题库所有244道Issue题目的写作提纲
