33. Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure, in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.
A. sympathetic B. ascribed C. preferable D. subjected
34. Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults. A. conveyed B. transmitted C. attributed D. relayed
35. Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end of the table of real GDP per capita last year. A. fluctuated B. languished C. retarded D. vibrated
36. Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though the concept has been around since 1900s. A. trials B. applications C. implications D. endeavors
37. Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weaken the immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer. A. halt B. postpone C. retard D. accelerate
38. The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______ people in his favor before the election. A. predisposed B. presumed C. presided D. pressured
39. With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong ________ to a vast multitude of people. A. flavor B. thrill C. appeal D. implication
40. If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even a fraction of a minute too late. A. infinitely B. temporarily C. comfortably D. favorably Section B
Directions: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.
There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
41. All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in which lasting efforts are indispensable. A. irresistible B. cherished C. inseparable D. requisite
42. The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception at Buckingham Palace in London. A. bestowed B. exhibited C. imposed D. emitted
43. Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in the form of mental and physical retardation. A. intensified B. apparent C. representative D. insidious
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44. The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances has been applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance. A. yield B. amplify C. adapt D. cast
45. Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure of religious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.
A. eradicated B. deteriorated C. vanquished D. averted
46. When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the original composition by painting over it on canvases. A. duplicate B. eliminate C. substitute D. compile
47. For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the construction program of a nuclear power station. A. disapproved B. despised C. demolished D. decomposed
48. Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity. A. loyalty B. morality C. quality D. stability
49. The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a full examination. A. prudent B. ardent C. careless D. brutal
50. She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning. A. fury B. chaos C. despair D. agony
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Part III Cloze (10%)
Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each
blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.
It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.
But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.
According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.
Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.
__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.
Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.
Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.
A. devices B. risks
C. phenomena D. claims A. at least B. at most C. as if D. as well A. blocking B. cooking C. exhausting D. cooling A. Except B. Even C. Despite D. Besides A. until B. when
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
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56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
C. as D. unless A. range B. continuum C. spectrum D. field
A. Reasonably B. Consequently C. Amazingly D. Undoubtedly A. identical B. beneficial C. preferable D. susceptible A. effort B. method C. hunt D. account A. do affect B. did affect C. is affecting
D. could have affected
Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)
Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five
questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage one
I have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.
Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.
Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.
One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.
To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?
This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the
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conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.
What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.
It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.
There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.
61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.
A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing world B. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease. C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries. D. the human misery behind them.
62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,
________.
A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history. B. could have been even exaggerated. C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west. D. is prevailing across the world.
63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools of
their trade, they should ___________.
A. have the same concern with the developing countries. B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanity C. pursue good bargains in the international market. D. spare a thought for how they were made.
64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________. A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world. B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work. C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues. D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.
65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.
A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanity B. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth. C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced. D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.
Passage two
A little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an
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全国医学考博英语试题#(精选.)
