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具体用法 ①表示现存的状态、情况 ②表示过去、现在、将来都理应存在的客观事实和真理 ③表示现阶段经常性、反复性的活动 ①主句用过去时，宾语从句所述是客观真理/经常性动作，从句谓语动词用一般现在时 ②叙述往事，使其生动 ③表示“书上说”“报纸上说”等 ①进行图片说明、电影说明、戏剧内容及场景解说时 ②习惯表达中表示现在正在发生的动作/存在的状态 ① 表示已经安排/计划好，将来必定发生的动作/存在的状态 Be, come, go, arrive leave, start, begin ②在含有条件、让步、时间等状语从句的复合句中，从句用一般现在时表示将来的动作 经典例句 Does he work hard? The earth moves round he sun 3 plus 22 is 5. He gets up very early every morning. He is always ready to help others. The teacher told her pupils that the sun rises in the east. Napoleon’s army now advances ad the great battle begins The newspaper says that it is going to be cold tomorrow. Scene I( Lucy and Miss Green are in the doctor’s room---a large, pleasant room with many books.) Here comes the bus! How it rains!(雨下得好大哈！) My birthday falls on April 29. Tomorrow we start for Shanghai. The meeting is at 8:00 a.m. tomorrow His ship leaves at 5:00 p.m. this noon We will try to finish the work in time although we are short of manpower. She’ll go to see him as soon as she arrives 经典例句 He was here just now. He used to smoke. When Lily was young, she would work on the farm. 经典例句 基本用法 一般现在时 ︹表 特18殊︺ 用 法 ⑴代替过去时表示过去 ⑵代替进行时 ⑶一般现在时表示将来 具体用法 一般过去时 〔表19〕 ①在过去某一特定时间发生的动作/存在的状态 ②过去经常/反复发生的动作，可和时间状语often 连用,也经常和used to, would连用 具体用法 现在进行时 〔表20〕 ①表示此时此刻正在进行的动作，与 The children are singing a fine song Now, at the moment, for the time being, at the moment. for the present等时间状语连用 ②表示近段时间主要进行的动作（说话时不一定正在进行）
What is he doing this week? He is translating a book. .*
基本形式 具体用法 Will/shall+动词原型 ①按计划、安排要发⑴be going 生的事/主观上已经决定、准备要做的事 to+ 动词原型 ②某种迹象表明很可能发生的事情 ①约定、计划/按职责、义务要求即将发生的动作 ②命令、禁止，具有“必要”的强制意义 经典例句 I shall be back. I am going to buy a new car. Dark clouds are gathering. It is going to rain. The sports meet is to take place on Sunday morning. Tell her that she is not to be back late. 一般将来时 ︹特殊形式 表 21︺ ⑵be to +动词原型 ⑶be about to+动词原型，“不久就要”“即将发生”但不与tomorrow, next The film is about to begin. week 等表示确切将来时间状语连用 ⑷用瞬间动词go, come, leave, start, We start at six and arrive at the begin等的一般现在时/现在进行时表station at seven. 示将来要发生的动作 具体用法 过去进行时 〔表22〕 ①表示过去某一时刻（时间状语/上下文会提示）正在进行的动作 ②表示过去某一段时间内主要从事的活动（说话时不一定在进行） 具体用法 常①表示从过去某时接开始一直延续到现的在的动作/状态（be, 时work, study, live等间延续性动词） 状语 表示时间长短for ten minutes, since, all day, for hours 经典例句 He was watching TV when I came in. I was writing a story last year. 经典例句 I have sat for hours in the classroom, reading a novel. 表示到目前为The weather has been cold so far 止so far, up to this winter. now, until now I have not finished my homework yet. He has just come. 现在完成时〔表23〕 ②表示过去已经完成的某种动作对现常接的时间状语： 在造成的结果/存already, yet, just, 在的影响（give, go, ever, never meet, see等非延续动词）
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过具体用法 去①表示某动作/状态从过去常接的时间状语： 完的某一时间之前就已经开for, since, until等引导成始，一直持续到过去的某一的时间段 时时间，通常用延续性动词， ︹表 ②表示过去某一时间之前已经发生过的动作/存在24的状态，通常用非延续性动词 ︺ 具体用法 过去将表示从过去某一来时间开始将要发时 生的动作/存在的︹状态，通常用于主表 句为过去时态的25宾语从句中 ︺
构成形式 would/should+动词原型 was/were going to+动词原型 经典例句 The students said they would go to visit the Great Wall the next day. He said that he was going to live in the countryside. 经典例句 He had already had his own lab by the time he was ten. He had learned 15000 English words by the end of last term. was/were to+动词不定式,若被We were to leave at 10 last night. 安排的动作后来没有实现就用We were to have left at 10 last were/was to have+动词的过去分night. 词 was/were about to+动词不定式 I was about to take a bath when the telephone rang. .*
①单个宾语的主动句变为被动句 The police have arrested these These three men have been arrested (by three men. the police). 法一:It（形式主语）+原句谓语动词的被动式+原句中的宾语从句 It is said that Henry eats 10 oranges a They say that Henry eats 10 day. oranges day. 法二:原句中宾语从句的主语+原句谓语动词的被动式+原句宾语从句中谓语动词的不定式 Henry is said to eat 10 oranges a day. A.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 I gave him a book 法一: He was given a book. 法二: A book was given to him by me. 主动语态和被动语态的③双宾语的转主动句变为换被动句 方法 ︹表 26︺ ②含宾语从句的主句变为被动句 B.主语+谓语+间接宾语+介词+直接宾语 唯一改法： (convince of, apply with, rob I was mistaken for my sister. of, congratulate on, remind of) He mistook me for my sister. C.主动句的直接宾语是从句时 即 主语+谓语+间接宾语+从唯一改法： 句 I was told that everything had been ready. They told me that everything had been ready. Everybody called her sister. She was called sister by everybody. ④复合宾语（含宾补成分）的主动句变为被动句 若谓语动词为make, let 等使役动词/see, hear, watch等感官动词时+后面的宾补为不带to的不定式时，变为被动句后要加上不定式符号to I saw her enter the library. She was seen to enter the library.
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用①及物动词sell, wash, write, wear, open, 主shut, lock, close, start, begin, read等用作不动及物动词表示呼吁的内在特征、性质或所形处状态（常与easily, quickly, well等副词式连用），而并非强调动作本身 表示被②在形容词worth后面的动名词 动③在动词need, want, require后的动名词 意④某些系动词如fell, smell, sound, taste, 义 prove ︹不定式中的动词是及物表 ⑤不定式所修动词 27饰的名词/代词︺ 是不定式所表不定式中的动词是不及示的动作的宾物动词，不定式中必须 语, 包含必要的介词
The door locks easily. The pen writes well. The table can not move. His novel does not sell. The book is worth reading. Your hair wants cutting. Good medicine tastes bitter. Einstein’s theory proved to be correct. I have a meeting to attend. There is no person to agree with.
英语语法结构体系图
