winningat all times. Others are more motivated by collaboration and social experiences. One companyWerbach has studied uses gamification to create a sense of community and boost employees' morale(士气). When employees log in to their computers, they're shown a picture of one of theircoworkers and asked to guess that person's name.
H) Gamification does not have to be digital. Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifies employeetrainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but often it does not. She recently designed agamification strategy for a saies training company with a storm-chasing theme. Employees formed\-themed educational exercises to earn variousrewards. \workinghours. \Another training, this one for pay roll law, used a Snow White and the Seven Dwarfstheme. \White\is available for everyone to use, but the \are still under copyright,so Cornetti invented sound-alike characters (Grumpy Gus, Dopey Dan) to illustrate specific pay rolllaw principles.
I) Some people do not take naturaily to gamified work environments, Cornetti says.In herexperience, people in positions of power or people in finance or engineering do not tend to like thesound of the word. \all,\says. \talking about a ' simulation' (模拟), I'm talking about ' being able to solvethis problem. '\
J) Gamification is \not a magic bullet,\Werbach warns.A gamification strategy that is notsufficiently thought through or well tailored to its players may engage people for a little while, but itwill not motivate people in the long term. It can also be exploitative, especially when used withvulnerable populations. For workers, especially low-paid workers, who desperately need their jobsyet know they can be easily replaced, gamification may feel more like the Hunger Games. Werbachgives the example of several Disneyland hotels in Anaheim, Caiifornia, which used large digital leaderboards to display how efficiently laundry workers were working compared to one another.Some employees found the board motivating. To others, it was the opposite of fun. Some began tostop taking bathroom breaks, worried that if their productivity fell they would be fired. Pregnantemployees struggled to keep up. In a Los Angeles Times article, one employee referred to the boardas a \whip. \actually had a very negative effect on morale and performance,\
K) Still, gamification only stands to become more popular, he says, \comeinto the workforce who are familiar with the structures and expressions of digitai games. \ 36. Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same. 37. Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.
38. To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when startingtheir computers.
39. The idea of gamification was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago. 40. There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.
41. Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.
42. When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting. 43. Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.
44. The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into fun
experiences.
45. It is necessary to use terms other than \ Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C andD . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Recently I attended several meetings where we talked about ways to retain students and keepyounger faculty members from going elsewhere.
It seems higher education has become an industry of meeting-holders whose task it is to \--real or imagined. And in my position as a professor at three different colleges, the actualproblems in educating our young people and older students have deepened, while the number of peoplehired--not to teach but to hold meetings--has increased significantly. Every new problem creates anew job for an administrative fixer. Take our Center for Teaching Excellence. Contrary to its title, thecenter is a clearing house (信息交流中心) for using technology in classrooms and in online courses.It's an administrative sham (欺诈) of the kind that has multiplied over the last 30 years.
I offer a simple proposition in response: Many of our problems--class attendance, educationalsuccess, student happiness and well-being--might be improved by cutting down the bureaucratic ( 官僚的) mechanisms and meetings and instead hiring an army of good teachers. If we replaced half of ouradministrative staff with classroom teachers, we might actually get a majority of our classes back to 20or fewer students per teacher. This would be an environment in which teachers and students actuallyknew each other.
The teachers must be free to teach in their own way--the curriculum should be flexible enough sothat they can use their individual talents to achieve the goals of the course. Additionally, they should beallowed to teach, and be rewarded for doing it well. Teachers are not people who are great at andconsumed by research and happen to appear in a classroom. Good teaching and research are notexclusive, but they are also not automatic companions. Teaching is an art and a craft, talent andpractice; it is not something that just anyone can be good at. It is utterly confusing to me that peopledo not recognize this, despite the fact that pretty much anyone who has been a student can tell thedifference between their best and worst teachers. 46. What does the author say about present-day universities? A. They are effectively tackling real or imagined problems. B. They often fail to combine teaching with research. C. They are over-burdened with admires\ D. They lack talent to fix their deepening problems.
47. According to the author, what kind of people do universities lack most? A. Good classroom teachers. B. Efficient administrators. C. Talented researchers. D. Motivated students.
48. What does the author imply about the classes at present?
A. They facilitate students' independent learning. B. They help students form closer relationships. C. They have more older students than before. D. They are much bigger than is desirable.
49. What does the author think of teaching ability? A. It requires talent and practice. B. It is closely related to research.
C. It is a chief factor affecting students' learning. D. It can be acquired through persistent practice.
50. What is the author's suggestion for improving university teaching?
A. Creating an environment for teachers to share their teaching experiences. B. Hiring more classroom teachers and allowing them to teach in their own way. C. Using high technology in classrooms and promoting exchange of information. D. Cutting down meetings and encouraging administrative staff to go to classrooms. Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
The secret to eating less and being happy about it may have been cracked years ago--byMcDonald's. According to a new study from Cornell University's Food and Brand Lab, small non-foodrewards--like the toys in McDonald's Happy Meals--stimulate the same reward centers in the brain asfood does.
The researchers, led by Martin Reimann, carried out a series of experiments to see if people wouldchoose a smaller meal ff it was paired with a non-food item.
They found that the majority of both kids and adults opted for a haft-sized portion when combinedwith a prize. Both options were priced the same.
Even more interesting is that the promise of a future reward was enough to make adults choose thesmaller portion. One of the prizes used was a lottery ticket ( 彩票), with a $10, $ 50 or $100 payout,and this was as effective as a tangible gift in persuading people to eat less.
\a
relatively small monetary award is interesting,\
He theorizes that it is the emotional component of these intangible prizes that make them effective.In fact, vaguely-stated possibilities of winning a prize were more effective than options with hard oddsincluded.
\explanation for this finding is that possible awards may be more emotionally provoking thancertrainty Reimann.\The of added attraction andawards,\winningprovidesdesirability through emotional ' thrills. ' The possibility of receiving an award also produces a state ofhope--a state that is in itself psychologically rewarding. \In other words, there's a reason why peoplelike to gamble.
How might this knowledge be used to help people eat more healthily?
One possibility is a healthy option that offers the chance to win a spa (温泉疗养) weekend. Ormaybe the reward of a half-sized portion could be a half-sized dessert to be claimed only on a futuredate. That would get you back in the restaurant--and make you eat a little less. 51. What do we learn about McDonald's inclusion of toys in its Happy Meals? A. It may shed light on people's desire to crack a secret.
B. It has proved to be key to McDonald's business success. C. It appeals to kid's curiosity to fred out what is hidden inside. D. It may be a pleasant way for kids to reduce their food intake. 52. What is the finding of the researchers led by Martin Reimann?
A. Reducing food intake is not that difficult if people go to McDonald's more.
B. Most kids and adults don't actually feel hungry when they eat half of their meal. C. Eating a smaller portion of food does good to the health of kids and adults alike. D. Most kids and adults would choose a smaller meal that came with a non-food item. 53. What is most interesting in Martin Reimann's fmding?
A. Kids preferred an award in the form of money to one in the form of a toy. B. Adults chose the smaller portion on the mere promise of a future award. C. Both kids and adults felt satisfied with only half of their meal portions. D. Neither children nor adults could resist the temptation of a free toy. 54. How does Martin Reimann interpret his finding? A. The emotional component of the prizes is at work. B. People now care more about quality than quantity. C. People prefer certainty awards to possible awards. D. The desire for a future reward is overwhelming. 55. What can we infer from Martin Reimann's finding?
A. People should eat much less if they wish to stay healthy and happy. B. More fast food restaurants are likely to follow McDonald's example. C. We can lead people to eat less while helping the restaurant business. D. More studies are needed to find out the impact of emotion on behavior. Part IV Translation ( 30 minutes )
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese intoEnglish. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2. 在中国文化中，红色通常象征着好运、长寿和幸福。在春节和其他喜庆场合，红色到处可见。人们把现金作为礼物送给家人或亲密朋友时，通常放在红信封里。红色在中国流行的另一个原因是人们把它与中国革命和共产党相联系。然而，红色并不总是代表好运和快乐。因为从前死者的名字常用红色书写，用红墨水书写中国人名被看成是一种冒犯行为。 2016年12月大学英语四级考试真题答案与详解 (第1套)
Part Ⅰ Writing 高分范文 Find a Job First
① College students' options upon graduation vary fromperson to person. Some students choose to hunt for a job whileothers _prefer to start their own business. ② As for me,I wouldrather find a job first.
③The reasons for my decision are as follows. ④ For onething, it is much easier for me to find a job compared withstarting a business which demands fund, experience and themarket. As a green hand who has just graduated from a college,it's totally beyond my ability to handle such a complex situation.⑤ For another, working for others could develop
mypersonalities, such as perseverance, hardworking and stresstolerance ability, which can help me become more prepared andqualified if I would like to start up my own business.
To conclude, ⑥ chances always favor those who areprepared. And I don't think a person could really \⑦ As a result, I will find a job first after graduation. 全文翻译请看
Part II Listening Comprehension News Report One 听力原文解析
Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.
预览两道题各选项，由dangerous，live in，strike，storm，forest fire和attack等词可以推测，新闻内容与某个危险事件导致房屋不能居住有关。
1. Why did John Gordon move out of the Abergeldie Castle?
A。新闻中提到，城堡的主人约翰?戈登周日被迫搬离城堡，这是由于迪河的河水冲走了大约60英尺的土地，导致城堡离河太近，十分危险。由此可知，约翰?戈登搬离城堡是因为居住在这里会有危险，故答案为A。
2. What happened in Scotland last Wednesday?
B。新闻中提到，自法兰克风暴于上周三袭击苏格兰后，苏格兰环境保护署已经发布了超过35次覆盖多个地区的洪水警报。由此可知，上周三苏格兰受到了风暴袭击，故答案为B。 News Report Two 听力原文查看
Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.
预览两道题各选项，由选项中的lost contact，trapped，underground elevator，calls for help，repair，supplies和miners等词可以推测，新闻内容与矿工受困和救援有关。 3. B。
4. C。
News Report Three 听力原文查看
Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.
预览三道题各选项，由选项中的postage rates，services，delivery，post offices，Shortening，Closing，Stopping和mail等词可以推测，新闻内容与邮政现有的问题以及为应对问题所采取的措施有关。 5. D。 6. C。 7. A。
Conversation One
M: Mrs. Hampton, we've got trouble in the press room this morning.W: Oh dear, what about? M: One of the press operators arrived an hour and a haft late.
W: (8) But that's a straightforward affair. He will simply lose part of his pay. That's why we have a clock insystem.
M: But the point is the man was clocked in at 8 o'clock. We have John standing by the time clock, and heswears he saw nothing irregular. W: (9-1) Is John reliable?
2016年12月大学英语四级真题及答案第一套
