中国古典诗歌的翻译·翻译的步骤
——以《枫桥夜泊》为例
一、 各种译文版本之对比分析
? 张继的《枫桥夜泊》一诗已经被译成多种外语，据我已经收集到英译的就有30种之多，其中20种见于出版的书刊，10种见于因特网站。这些不同的译本不仅显示了中外翻译家对《枫桥夜泊》的浓厚兴趣，而且为我们学习和鉴赏诗歌英译提供了绝佳的材料。 ? 让我们先来看两个外国翻译名家《枫桥夜泊》的译文:
1. Burton Watson：Tying up for the Night at Maple River Bridge ? Moon setting, crows cawing, frost filling the sky,
? Through river maples, fishermen’s flares confront my uneasy eyes. ? Outside Gusu City, Cold Mountain Temple ---
? Late at night the sound of its bell reaches a traveller’s boat. 2. Witter Bynner : A Night Mooring Near Maple Bridge
? While I watch the moon go down, a crow caws through the frost; ? Under the shadows of maple-trees, a fisherman moves with his torch; ? And I hear from beyond Suzhou from the temple on Cold Mountain, ? Ringing for me here in my boat the midnight bell.
仅以标题而论，我们就可以看到26种不同的译法。标题《枫桥夜泊》的关键词是“泊”，其中有5个用anchor：
? Anchored at Night by the Maple Bridge anchored at night near maple bridge ? Anchored by Maple Bridge at Night Night Anchors at Maple Bridge ? The ship anchored beside the Maple Bridge at night 其他动词包括lodge，berth，park，tie up 等4个： ? A lodging for the night at the Maple Bridge ? Night Berthing at Maple Bridge
? Parking my boat in Maple Bridge at night ? Tying up for the Night at Maple River Bridge 多数的翻译都是用moor一词，占18个：
? A Night Mooring by Maple Bridge Aht Mooring by the Maple Bridge ? A Night Mooring Near Maple Bridge A Night-Mooring Near Maple Bridge ? Night Mooring At Maple Bridge Night Mooring at Maple Bridge ? Night Mooring at the Maple Bridge Night Mooring Near Maple Bridge ? Night-Mooring at Maple Bridge Overnight Mooring at the Maple Bridge ? Mooring at Night by Maple Bridge Mooring at Night by the Maple Bridge ? Mooring at the Maple Bridge for the night Mooring by Maple Bridge at Night ? Mooring by the Maple Bridge at Night Mooring for the Night at Maple Bridge ? Mooring to the Maple Bridge at Night
而最简明扼要的是：Maple Bridge Night Mooring 请注意: 上述18种译法没有一个是重复的!
二、 《枫桥夜泊》的翻译
翻译诗歌离不开“阅读—接受—理解—移植—加工”等五个过程。下面就以我翻译《枫桥夜泊》的过程来演示这一过程。 第一步:阅读 (Reading)
第二步:接受 (Reception)中国人对诗歌就有不同角度的理解
第一种解释:
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秋深，夜静，西天的上弦月渐渐落下去了，天色变得漆黑；或许受到天色变化的刺激吧，远远近近有几只乌鸦惊叫起来。气温更低了，霜飞满天，寒气袭人……。所有这些全是诗人在船舱里看到、听到、感觉到的。入夜以来，江岸边飒飒有声的枫林，渔船上忽隐忽现的灯火，都在触发着诗人远游的孤独、思乡的愁绪，使他不能入睡，越发凄凉难耐了。“冬嗡——冬嗡——冬嗡——”，寒山寺的半夜钟敲响了，凝重，悠长，划过夜空，越过江西，飞进这江边小船的船舱里来，扣击着、抚慰着远方来客的愁怀，使人感到轻柔的暖意，同时感到他乡之夜的宁静、深沉……
月落是詩人眼中所見。月亮逐漸移動，慢慢向西落下，給人以動感。烏啼是詩人耳中所聞。棲鴉啼鳴，聲聲入耳，這也是動態形象。霜滿天不只是詩人所見，更是詩人整個身軀所感，是多種感覺的形象：霜氣瀰漫，寒氣逼 人，在幽暗靜謐的環境中，人對夜涼的感覺格外銳敏。 月落─ 所見 ┐
烏啼─ 所聞 ├第一句層次分明地表現出時間過程和感覺過程 霜滿天─所感┘
江楓是靜態的，幽暗朦朧地立於江邊。漁火是動態的，明亮清楚地搖曳於江上。對愁眠寫出了自身作客他鄉，愁思不眠的情思。這一句點出詩人停泊的所在，愁字也寫出了詩人的心情。
前兩句的密度很大，用五種色彩相對、明暗相對、動靜相對的景象來襯托出詩人的心情，後兩句「姑蘇城外寒山寺，夜半鐘聲到客船」只有一種景象：鐘聲，但卻由大而小、由遠而近地寫到詩人的心靈，由姑蘇城、寒山寺、鐘、船、詩人耳中、詩人心中，書寫層次愈來愈深入，也愈來愈扣人心弦。
第二种解释:
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? ? ? ?
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第三种解释:
第三步:自己的理解 (Comprehension)
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“月落乌啼霜满天”，第一句说明了季候。霜，不可能满天，这个“霜”字应当体会作严寒；霜满天，是空气极冷的形象语。因为严寒，乌鸦都无法睡眠，所以还在啼唤。旅客在船中睡眠，这不是愉快舒服的睡眠，而是有羁旅之愁的睡眠。这一夜的睡眠又无人作伴，只有江上的枫树和夜渔的火光和旅人相对。接下去，诗人说在这样光景之下，旅客已经不容易入睡了，何况又听到苏州城外寒山寺里的钟声，镗镗地传来。
? 这首绝句，写诗人在江南旅途中，路过苏州枫桥停船过夜的情景。全诗围绕“客”(作
者本人—“我”) “愁”二字，展开了景物描写和气氛渲染。翻译要体现的特点也正在这里。
第四步: 移植 (Transplanting)
? Word-for word rendering is not the proper way of translating poetry. If you use a software for CAT, \making a Chinese paraphrase, the paraphrase is no longer poetry. There is much more in the meaning of poems than meets the eye--the words. The poet is dancing with restraints. He has to conform to the conventions of writing poems when he tries to convey his mood --to convey information is the task of prose. The poem is like a musical song. The attraction comes from beauty -- the beauty of the images and the beauty of pleasant music.
? The images will be transplanted in translation and the music will be recreated in another musical format. To transplant the individual images contributes to the transplanting of the overall picture of the whole poem. That's the visual part of the beauty. To use the natural rhythm, assonance, rhymes and other sound effects is for the aural beauty of the poem. The
images and the music of poetry add up to the overall mood of any single poem. In translating a poem, the most important task is to convey the overall mood instead of individual words. Draft 1
? When ravens caw at falling moon and frosty airs, ? I lie with grief near mapled bank and fishing flares. ? The tolls from Hanshan Temple outside Suzhou moat
? Ring through the midnight still and reach the rover’s boat. 第五步:加工 (Polishing)这是翻译诗歌最重要的一步。
?
The first line is a very natural rendering of the original poem, but I have to find a word to rhyme with \
equivalents of \\with \a sense \exactly what the poet might have seen in his boat!
? The word \
it does not come to me at the first thought. When I made the first draft of the translation, it was something else. Since the fourth line ends with the word \with some \overjoyed to keep it. And the word \ Draft 2
? When ravens caw at falling moon and frosty airs, ? I lie with grief near mapled bank and fishing flares. ? The tolls from Hanshan Temple outside Suzhou moat
? Ring through the midnight still and reach the rover’s boat. ? When ravens croak at slanting moon and frosty airs, ? I lie with grief near mapled bank and fishing flares. ? The tolls from Hanshan Temple outside Suzhou moat
? Ring through the midnight still and reach my mooring boat.
? \not do. \the word \
translate the term \of \mooring by the Maple Bridge to stay over the night. Tomorrow, the boat would sail again and I shall \
? 1. Only the crow will caw and the raven will croak. That's the idiomatic way of speaking in English.
? 2. How to \the \first quarter of the month by lunar calendar (\which word to use in this case. \second choice, and \\
? \or \
文学翻译unit 8《中国古典诗歌的翻译步骤》
