自由学英语
2019考研英语一Section ⅠUse of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart
phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...
When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.
If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.
Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.
18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization. 1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All 2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come
3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until
4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally 5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away 6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone
7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar 8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place 9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides
10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually 11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused 12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result
13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example 14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate 15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under 16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks
17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited
18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally 19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings 20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose
1-20参考答案及解析：
1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。空格之后的语句与前面语义方向一致，再考虑到句中的without a phone，可知，此处需要双重否定表达肯定，所以，选择few，符合文意；
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2. 【C】run 固定搭配；此题考查与介词on的搭配情况；run on battery表示手机使用电池得以运行；其他选项的搭配为：put on（增加；假装；使…上场）；take on（承担；呈现；具有；流行）；come on（ 快点；开始；要求；上演；）；语义搭配不通顺，故选择run on搭配；
3. 【B】If 逻辑关系；此处考查逻辑关系。空格处所在句为“... 你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，...找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航...文明”；前后句之间构成假设的逻辑关系，所以选择if；其余选项：since（因为，自从）；though（虽然）； until（直到） 代入后，不符合语义表达；
4. 【D】literally词义辨析题；空格处所在句为“假如你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，...找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航...文明”；literally表示确实地，真正地；符合语义表达；其余选项：formally（正式地）；relatively（相对地）；gradually（逐渐地）不符合语义表达；
5. 【A】back词义辨析题；出题处的语义表达“我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航...文明”，只有back 与前文的lost（迷路）形成相互呼应，故而选择back；
6. 【B】off 词义辨析题；空格所在句提到“为当你发现自己...路径。 但不是完全...的 区域。你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域中，哪个..是下坡路？哪里有最近的水源?”
因此，根据句意表达，off(远离， 离开）符合句意；其它选项：onto（在…之上；对…了解）；across (穿过，根穿)，alone (独白地，单独地)，故选择off；
7. 【D】unfamiliar 词义辨析题；根据出题处的语义表达，“为当你发现自己...路径。 但不是完全...的区域”，语义搭配，unfamiliar更符合要求；其他选项：unattractive (不吸引人的)；
uncrowded (不利挤的，宽敞的)；C选项unchanged (未改变的，无变化的)；不符合语义表达；
8. 【C】way词义辨析题；根据出题处的语境表述“你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域中，哪个...是下坡路？哪里有最近的水源?”因此只有way符合要求；其他选项：site（地点；位置；场所）；point（要点；得分；标点）；place（地方；住所；座位），不符合句意表达；
9. 【A】so逻辑关系题；出题句指出“生活在山谷里的人，基本上需要淡水为生，...如果你下山，沿着水走，你会发现人类的踪迹...”，此处语义逻辑很明显，考察因果逻辑关系；故选择so，其它选项：yet（但是，然而）； instead（反而，替代）； besides（此外，而且）；不符合句义要求；
10. 【D】eventually 词义辨析题；出题句提及“...如果你下山，沿着水走，你会发现人类的踪迹...”，只有eventually（最后，终于）符合题目要求，语义通顺；其它选项：immediately （立即，立刻）；intentionally（故意地，有意地）；unexpectedly（出乎意料地）；不符合语义表达，故排除；
11. 【A】surprised词义辨析题；出题句提及“如果你之前去过这个地方，一定要注意熟悉景象，你或许会...快速识别出一块特征明显的石头或者树木来唤起你的记忆”；此处只有surprised符合题目要求；其他选项带有明显的贬义色彩，故不符合；
12. 【B】option词义辨析题；本文第一段中提到“如果你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路了，而且你真的找不到北方，我们会有一些技巧可言帮助你回到文明社会”，此处考查的地方就是前文提及的“另一个...：登到高处寻找有人类居住的标志”；只有option（选择）符合句义及情感色彩要求；
13. 【D】For example逻辑关系题；出题句前后构抽象到具体的例证关系（前文提到“另一个选择就是登高寻找有人类居住的标志”，与后文的look for signs形成抽象到具体的过程），故选择For example；
14. 【C】spot 词义辨析题；此题需借助前面的语义内容及逻辑关系辅助做题；此处需填入的动词和look for 语义相近，故选择spot（发现），符合语义表达；其他选项：bridge（架桥，渡过）；avoid（避开，消除）；separate（分开）；不符合语义要求；
15. 【B】through词义辨析题；分析：本题为语义题及固定搭配题，考查carve与woods之间的关系，根据常识可知，路应该是穿过森林开凿出来的，故本句意为穿过森林开凿出的公路，故B选项through为正确答案。
16. 【D】breaks语义辨析题；本题为语义题，根据上一句信息，因为人为原因而造成的gaps in the tree line，不难判断，朝着有树木缺口的地方走，就能找到出去的路，故D选项breaks为正确答案。 17. 【A】artificial词义辨析题及逻辑关系题；因题干中such as表示举例关系，故我们首先根据例子信息可以判断文中fires and streetlights可以确定火与街灯的共同特征是人造光源，故本题A选项artificial为正确答案。 18. 【A】Finally 语义题；文章后面指出假设你在人类常去的地方迷路，寻找我们在地面上留下的······，因前文已经举例说明了几种情况，如当你在一个并非完全不熟悉的环境中迷路······，可知此处应是最后一种假设情况，故本题A选项finally为正确答案。
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19. 【B】mark词义辨析题；根据常识，在人类常去的地方，地面上必定有很多标志，故寻找我们在地面上留下的标志，在此处更符合文意，故本题B选项marks为正确答案。
20. 【C】lead词义辨析题；道路上的树皮刻痕、轮胎印和其他特征能够指引你去有人烟的地方，此外，本题处的单词应该与前文中的navigate同义，故本题C选项lead为正确答案。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.
“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial
impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”.
In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.
In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “ a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.
Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.
Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.
21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the_________. A. enhance banker’s sense of responsibility B. help corporations achieve larger profits C. build a new system of financial regulation D. guarantee the bonuses of top executives
22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_________. A. the conditions for generating quick profits B. governments’ impatience in decision-making C. the solid structure of publicly traded companies D. “short-termism” in economics activities
23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be__________.
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A. indirect B. adverse C. minimal D. temporary
24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate____________. A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”. B. the significance of long-term thinking.
C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”. D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue
C. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
21-25参考答案及解析：
21.【A】enhance banker's sense of responsibility；细节题。题目中明确出题段落（According to Paragraph 1）及相应的信息点（one motive in imposing the new rule），因此，答案来源句则为第一段的第三句（The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution这个规则主要目的是让银行家为不良风险负责以及修复公众对金融机构的信任），那么答案基本就很容易提取出来。选项中的“sense of responsibility”则对应到句中的“enhance banker's sense of responsibility（增加银行的责任感）”；而其他的选项则与最佳选项无缘，在定位区间中没有相应的对应信息。
22.【D】 \in economic activities；细节题。题干中的定位信息在“Alfred Marshall”上，直接定位到第二段的第二句“He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting...”，定位信息里的“this financial impatience”则是回指第二段首句的“Short-termism”，故信息点则为
“Short-termism”，所以最佳选项则为\，而其他选项在定位信息中未提及； 23.【B】 adverse；细节题。此题的定位信息为题干的“transient investment”，直接定位到第三段的第二句“Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty”，从四个选项的褒贬正负来看indirect、minimal 和temporary为中性的表述，只有B选项的adverse为明确的负面表达，意思为“不利的”，与原文中的“hinder”（阻碍打扰）对应上。
24.【C】the approaches to promoting \；例证题。根据题干的具体信息定位，美国和法国的例子是用来支撑什么论点。原文的第五、六段则提供了具体的信息，第五段中美国延迟发放才上任一年左右的高管绩效津贴，继而促进缓解“短期主义”盛行的现状；第六段则提及在法国持股两年以上者拥有更大的选票权。所以，最佳选项应为“促进长期主义的方法”，与原文一致；
25.【B】Patience as a Corporate Virtue；主旨题。题干中的title为标题题的信息，所以此题考查的是文章的主旨大意；B选项里的patience可以对应到全文中反复出现的主题词“short-termism”和“long-termism”，corporate本身在文章中出现多次，所以B 选项则为最近标题，体现主旨大意；其余选项均不能概括全文，故排除。
Text 2
Grade inflation--the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs. Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to
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college-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.
“Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”
That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.
Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.
26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation? A. The change of course catalogs. B. Students’ indifference to GPAS. C. Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.
D. The influence of consumer culture.
27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness? A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning. B. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.
C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future. D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.
28. According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_________. A. obtain more financial support B. boost their student enrollments C. improve their teaching quality D. meet local governments’ needs
29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean? A. To counterbalance each other. B. To complement each other. C. To be identical with each other. D. To be contradictory to each other.
30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by________. A. assessing its feasibility
B. analyzing the causes behind it C. comparing different views on it D. listing its long-run effects
26-30参考答案及解析：
26.【D】The influence of consumer culture；细节题。根据题干中的关键词grade inflation 可以定位到首段第一句话，此句话的句子主干：“Grade inflation is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education.” 题干中的be regarded as对应原文中的is considered，题干中的the cause of（后边接结果）与原文中的a product of （前边接结果）都表示因果关系。选项D中consumer是原文中的复现，其他选项都不具备干扰性，因此答案选择D。
27.【A】To help freshmen adapt to college learning；细节题。根据题干中的关键词，我们只能定位到文章的第二段，但是第二段讲的是grade forgiveness具体是什么，并没有提及它的目的，然后接下看第三段的首句，出现了
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2000-2019年考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一)word版
