若by后是过去的时间，则与过去完成时连用。 5．over与above(under与below)
over，above都表示“在……的上面”，over表示“正上方”，而above只表示“在上方”但不一定在“正上方”。above还可表示温度、水位等“高于”，over还可表示“越过……”。over的反义词是under，above的反义词是below．例如： There is a bridge over the river Our plane flew above the clouds． 6．表示“用”的with，by，in的用法
with多指用工具，用身体的部位或器官；by表示使用的方法、手段；in指使用某种语言。如： We see with our eyes. We go there by bike. Please say it out in English. He cut it open with a knife. 介词的省略
表示时间介词at, on, in 的省略
(1) 在 next, last, this, these, today, yesterday, tomorrow, one, every, each, all等词前,一般不用 at, in, on.
(2) 在某些名词词组前,可以省略(也可不省)如: (on) that day, (in)the year before last 常见搭配
1．动词+介词，如：
listen to, laugh at, write to, hear from, get to, look at, shout at, shout to, knock at, look for, look at, ask for, wait for, get on, get to, put on, turn on, operate on, take off, turn off, learn from, worry about ... 2．形容词+介词，如：
afraid of, full of, angry with, strict with, busy with, good at, good/bad for, late for, sorry for, ready for, famous for, polite to, far from...
3．名词+介词 / 介词+名词
key to, visit to, at home, in surprise, after class, for ever, on time, at last, at first, for example... 初中英语语法讲解三．典型例题 【名词】
[例1]（1）—How far is your school from here? —Not very far. It's about twenty ______ walk. A. minute's B. minutes’ C. minutes D. minute （2）It is about ______ from the school to my home. A. ten minutes walk B. ten minutes’ walk C. ten minutes’ s walk D. ten minute’s walk
分析 上述两题考查名词所有格的构成及用法。由句意可知空格处所填内容是表示距离的名词，选项中的名词minute和walk存在所有
关系，因此必须用名词的所有格。名词所有格的’s也可以加在一个短语之后，若该短语最后一个名词的词尾是-s，则只加“’’。如：an hour’s ride, two weeks’ time。因而（1）、（2）小题答案均为B。 [例2] Have you seen ______ at the foot of the hill? A. any sheep B. some sheeps C. any sheeps D. some sheep 分析 此题考查名词复数的特殊例子。sheep的单复数同形；any一般用在疑问句和否定句里，some用在肯定句里。 答案为A
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