新概念英语第四册课文Whetheritbebird,fishorbeast,theporpoiseisintriguedwithanythingthatisalive.Theyareconstantlyaftertheturtles,theFerdinandsofmarinelife,whopeacefullysubmittoallsortsofindignities.Oneyoungcalfespeciallyenjoyedraisingaturtletothesurfacewithhissnoutandthenshovinghimacrossthetanklikeanaquaplane.Almostanydayayoungporpoisemaybeseentryingtoturna300-poundseaturtleoverbystickinghissnoutundertheedgeofhisshellandpushingupfordearlife.Thisisnoteasy,andmayrequiretwoporpoisesworkingtogether.Inanothergame,astheturtleswimsacrosstheoceanarium,thefirstporpoiseswoopsdownfromaboveandbuttshisshellwithhisbelly.Thisknockstheturtledownseveralfeet.Henosoonerrecovershisequilibriumthanthenextporpoisecomesalongandhitshimanothercrack.Eventuallytheturtlehasbeenbuttedallthewaydowntothefloorofthetank.Heisnowsatisfiedmerelytotrytostandup,butassoonashedoessoaporpoiseknockshimflat.Theturtleatlastgivesupbypullinghisfeetunderhisshellandthegameisover.Lesson23Itisfairlyclearthatthesleepingperiodmusthavesomefunction,andbecausethereissomuchofitthefunctionwouldseemtobeimportant.Speculationsaboutitsnaturehavebeengoingonforliterallythousandsofyears,andoneoddfindingthatmakestheproblempuzzlingisthatitlooksverymuchasifsleepingisnotsimplyamatterofgivingthebodyarest.'Rest',intermsofmusclerelaxationandsoon,canbeachievedbyabriefperiodlying,orevensittingdown.Thebody'stissuesareself-repairingandself-restoringtoadegree,andfunctionbestwhenmoreorlesscontinuouslyactive.In21新概念英语第四册课文factabasicamountofmovementoccursduringsleepwhichisspecificallyconcernedwithpreventingmuscleinactivity.Ifitisnotaquestionofrestingthebody,thenperhapsitisthebrainthatneedsresting?Thismightbeaplausiblehypothesiswereitnotfortwofactors.Firsttheelectroencephalograph(whichissimplyadeviceforrecordingtheelectricalactivityofthebrainbyattachingelectrodestothescalp)showsthatwhilethereisachangeinthepatternofactivityduringsleep,thereisnoevidencethatthetotalamountofactivityisanyless.Thesecondfactorismoreinterestingandmorefundamental.Inl960anAmericanpsychiatristnamedWilliamDementpublishedexperimentsdealingwiththerecordingofeye-movementsduringsleep.Heshowedthattheaverageindividual'ssleepcycleispunctuatedwithpeculiarburstsofeye-movements,somedriftingandslow,othersjerkyandrapid.Peoplewokenduringtheseperiodsofeye-movementsgenerallyreportedthattheyhadbeendreaming.Whenwokenatothertimestheyreportednodreams.Ifonegroupofpeopleweredisturbedfromtheireye-movementsleepforseveralnightsonend,andanothergroupweredisturbedforanequalperiodoftimebutwhentheywerenotexhibitingeye-movements,thefirstgroupbegantoshowsomepersonalitydisorderswhiletheothersseemedmoreorlessunaffected.Theimplicationsofallthiswerethatitwasnotthedisturbanceofsleepthatmattered,butthedisturbanceofdreaming.Lesson2422新概念英语第四册课文Walkingforwalking'ssakemaybeashighlylaudableandexemplaryathingasitisheldtobebythosewhopractiseit.Myobjectiontoitisthatitstopsthebrain.ManyamanhasprofessedtomethathisbrainneverworkssowellaswhenheisswingingalongthehighroadoroverhillanddaleThisboastisnotconfirmedbymymemoryofanybodywhoonaSundaymorninghasforcedmetopartakeofhisadventure.Experienceteachesmethatwhateverafellow-guestmayhaveofpowertoinstructortoamusewhenheissittinginachair,orstandingonahearth-rug,quicklyleaveshimwhenhetakesoneoutforawalk.Theideasthatcomesothickandfasttohiminanyroom,wherearetheynow?wherethatencyclopaedicknowledgewhichheboresolightly?wherethekindlingfancythatplayedlikesummerlightningoveranytopicthatwasstarted?Theman'sfacethatwassomobileissetnow;goneisthelightfromhisfineeyes.HesaysthatA(ourhost)isathoroughlygoodfellow.Fiftyyardsfurtheron,headdsthatAisoneofthebestfellowshehasevermet.WetrampanotherfurlongorsoandhesaysthatMrsAisacharmingwoman.Presentlyheaddsthatsheisoneofthemostcharmingwomenhehaseverknown.Wepassaninn.Hereadsvapidlyaloudtome:'TheKing'sArms.LicensedtosellAlesandSpirits.'Iforeseethatduringtherestofthewalkhewillreadaloudanyinscriptionthatoccurs.Wepassamilestone.Hepointsatitwithhisstick,andsays'Uxminster.IIMiles.'Weturnasharpcorneratthefootofthehill.Hepointsatthewall,andsays'DriveSlowly.'.Iseefarahead,ontheothersideofthehedgeborderingthehighroad,asmallnotice-board.Hesees23新概念英语第四册课文ittoo.Hekeepshiseyeonit.Andinduecourse.'Trespassers,'hesays,'willbeProsecuted.'Poorman!—mentallyawreck.Lesson25Howitcameaboutthatsnakesmanufacturedpoisonisamystery.Overtheperiodstheirsaliva,amild,digestivejuicelikeourown,wasconvertedintoapoisonthatdefiesanalysiseventoday.Itwasnotforceduponthembythesurvivalcompetition;theycouldhavecaughtandlivedonpreywithoutusingpoisonjustasthethousandsofnon-poisonoussnakesstilldo.Poisontoasnakeismerelyaluxury;itenablesittogetitsfoodwithverylittleeffort,nomoreeffortthanonebite.Andwhyonlysnakes?Cats,forinstance,wouldbegreatlyhelped;norunningrightswithlarge,fierceratsortussleswithgrownrabbits-justabiteandnomoreeffortneeded.Infactitwouldbeanassistancetoallthecarnivorae--thoughitwouldbeatwo-edgedweapon-Whentheyfoughteachother.But,ofthevertebrates,unpredictableNatureselectedonlysnakes(andonelizard).OnewondersalsowhyNature,withsomesnakesconcoctedpoisonofsuchextremepotency.Intheconversionofsalivaintopoisononemightsupposethatafixedprocesstookplace.Itdidnot;somesnakesmanufacturedapoisondifferentineveryrespectfromthatofothers,asdifferentasarsenicisfromstrychnine,andhavingdifferenteffects.Onepoisonactsonthenerves,theotherontheblood.Themakersofthenervepoisonincludethemambasandthecobrasandtheirvenomiscalledneurotoxic.Vipers(adders)andrattlesnakesmanufacturethebloodpoison,which24新概念英语第四册课文isknownashaemolytic.Bothpoisonsareunpleasant,butbyfarthemoreunpleasantisthebloodpoison.Itissaidthatthenervepoisonisthemoreprimitiveofthetwo,thatthebloodpoisonis,sotospeak,anewerproductfromanimprovedformula.Bethatasitmay,thenervepoisondoesitsbusinesswithmanfarmorequicklythanthebloodpoison.This,however,meansnothing.Snakesdidnotacquiretheirpoisonforuseagainstmanbutforuseagainstpreysuchasratsandmice,andtheeffectsontheseofviperinepoisonisalmostimmediate.Lesson27WilliamS.Hartwas,perhaps,thegreatestofallWesternstars,forunlikeGaryCooperandJohnWayneheappearedinnothingbutWesterns.From1914to1924hewassupremeandunchallenged.ItwasHartwhocreatedthebasicformulaoftheWesternfilm,anddevisedtheprotagonistheplayedineveryfilmhemade,thegood-badman,theaccidental,nobleoutlaw,orthehonestbutframedcowboy,orthesheriffmadesuspectbyviciousgossip;inshort,theindividualinconflictwithhimselfandhisfrontierenvironment.UnlikemostofhiscontemporariesinHollywood,Hartactually'knewsomethingoftheoldWest.Hehadlivedinitasachildwhenitwasalreadydisappearing,andhisherowasfirmlyrootedinhismemoriesandexperiences,andinboththehistoryandthemythologyofthevanishedfrontier.AndalthoughnoperiodorplaceinAmericanhistoryhasbeenmoreabsurdlyromanticized,mythandrealitydidjoinhandsinatleastonearena,theconflictbetweentheindividualandencroachingcivilization.25
概念英语英语第四册课本教学材料整编
