living standards, poor farmers in less than complete elimination of 4600 Yuan, 8949, 19008. \sted 2.169 billion yuan, similar counties line the city's first complete the 42 km of sewage pipe network construction, completion rate ranked first in the city, won the provincial rural sewage treatment work better; key pollution sources such as electroplating, papermaking, chemical industry management through verification and acceptance of the municipal government, the County removed Black and odorous River, River waste, beginning of river ecological restoration effects. \demolition illegal area up 2.759 million square meters, completed City issued annual task of 153%, split against area ranking city second; completed \d City issued annual task of 403%, ranking city third, which village in the a target completed total city ranking first; County Government was named city level \nced. These achievements are hard won and should be appreciated. However, we are fully aware, the new period, and work in the countryside and the environment facing higher standards and requirements, provincial party Committee offered to high level build a comprehensive well-off society goal requires \h, dirty environment illegal buildings, into a well-off\Committee also proposes to build into the well-off benchmark goals of the city. Compared with the superior claim, \h Gate of XX beautiful\Nong\nvironment there are a number of weaknesses and gaps, highlighted in the following five aspects: first, agriculture remained \n. \the quality and low; short, value added of the industry chain is low; 123 fusion yield low employee age, low quality. \r, specialized cooperatives throughout the County there were 3,396, but on the scale of too little. \d in production, management, services, decentralized, centralized, standardized, brand, information and organizational level is not high. Second, the countryside is still in \on has not changed. \os\n rural housing construction planning, construction of disorder, no drawings, no construction, no vetting \no\heap lying there. \Bad\eak rural base, village governance is poor. Thirdly, farmers continued to be \stent\ng, rural labor force accounted for 70% over the age of 50. \ctions of property rights, land replacement; public service supply gap, rural education, health care, pensions and other services can not meet the demand still difficult for poverty alleviation, with emphasis on poverty alleviation and 191. \sants, peasants. Four water effects still lacks棉制品短流程前处理工艺
一、概述
传统的练漂加工分退浆、煮练、漂白三道工序,但这三道主要工序并不是截然隔立的,而是相互补充的,如退浆的同时也有去除部分天然杂质的作用,可减轻煮练的负担,而煮练有进一步去除残留浆料的效用,对织物白度也有提高,漂白也有进一步去杂的作用。常规三步法前处理工艺稳妥,重演性好,但机台多、时间长、效率低、能耗高,且印染产品常见的疵病。如皱条、折痕、擦伤、破损、斑渍、白度不匀、降强、泛黄、纬斜等都与前处理三步法工艺较长有关。因此,国内外印染工作者都在寻找能缩短工艺流程、简化设备、降低能耗、保证质量的办法。
我国自20世纪60年代后期就有人研究前处理短流程工艺,但因当时历史条件的限制,没有得到推广使用；70年代后期,碱氧二步法工艺逐步成熟,并被推广使用；自80年代中期,国内开始研究一步法工艺,到后期已有不少工厂用于正常生产；90年代初发展迅速,至今在全国已有很多工厂应用。 二、短流程工艺
目前高效流程工艺大体可分为一步法和两步法。 （一）二步法
二步法工艺有两种方式,一种是退浆、煮练合并,然后漂白,称DS—B；另一种是先退浆,然后煮练、漂白合并,称D—SB。
D—SB工艺要求退浆后彻底洗涤,最大限度地去除浆料和部分杂质,以提高碱氧一浴中双氧水的稳定性,此外,必须有较强的碱性和较浓的过氧化氢,以除去织物上的杂质,同时完成漂白加工。为此,必须严格控制工艺条件,并选择性能良好的耐强碱、耐高温的氧漂稳定剂和螯合分散剂,使纤维受损伤程度减少。此法应用较少,一般以DS—B工艺为主。
DS—B工艺退煮合一,应加强助练剂的应用,使用在强碱下具有良好稳定性的氧化退浆剂。此法漂白用常规工艺加工,对双氧水稳定性的要求不高。
DS—B工艺最先应用于涤棉混纺织物的加工,现在已扩展到多种织物的加工。普遍采用L履带平幅汽蒸设备,特别是引进R汽蒸箱后,由于R汽蒸箱具有汽蒸与浸煮双重作用,因而用R蒸箱结合的二步法被许多工厂所采用。 ★ 二步法应用实例 例1
（1）设备：经改制的R汽蒸箱（前有1台701蒸箱和4格平洗,后有3只701蒸箱,R蒸箱的预热区由16m增到55m）与L履带蒸箱结合。 （2）生产品种：纱卡类中厚织物。
（3）工艺流程及条件：烧毛→浸轧退煮液（NaOH 50g/L,加一定量精练剂、螯合分散剂、泡花碱等助练剂）→R蒸箱汽蒸（98～102℃,60min）→蒸洗→L履带氧漂（按常规工艺进行）。
（4）半制品质量：白度>78%；毛效>8cm/30min。 例2
（1）设备：2组日本和歌山辊床式双层履带汽蒸箱。
（2）生产品种：14.6tex（40英支）,52.35根/cm×39.35根/cm,防羽布等薄型织物。
（3）工艺流程及条件：浸轧碱液（NaOH 55～66g/L,助练剂8g/L,60℃±10℃,40～45m/min）→汽蒸（98～100℃,45～60m/min）→热洗、冷洗→氧漂（按常规工艺进行）。 （二）一步法
一步法是指退浆、煮练、漂白三合一,是近几年迅速发展起来的。主要有两种方法,即冷轧堆法和汽蒸法。 1、冷轧堆法
冷轧堆法是在室温条件下采用碱氧一浴工艺,由于在低温下作用,尽管碱浓度较高,但双氧水的反应速率仍很慢,故除需用高浓度的药剂外,还必须延长堆放时间,才能达到满意的效果。由于冷堆作用温和,因此对纤维的损伤相对较小,适用于各种棉织物的退煮漂一步工艺。
此法最大的特点是可以减少设备投资,上马投产快,设备占地面积少,能降低能耗和用工,有利于提高半制品质量（折皱少,油污斑渍少,棉纤维损伤少等）,符合少批量、多品种、快交货的生产经营要求。但生产管理要求高,如后道清洗不净毛细管效应会较差,染化料助剂成本高,印染为水虽然量少,但浓度高,会给污水处理加重负担。 目前,冷轧堆法应用最为广泛的是碱氧法, ★ 一步法冷轧堆法应用实例
一般工艺流程为：浸轧→打卷堆置→水洗。 例1
（1）生产品种：119cm（47英寸）,29.2tex（20英支）,42.5根/cm×22.8根/cm,纯棉纱卡。
（2）工艺流程及条件：烧毛轧碱灭火→浸轧打卷→包封转堆（24h,8r/min）→平幅水洗汽蒸（1～2格,80～100℃热洗；3格加NaOH 4～5g,精练剂ZF-CT2g；4格,98～100℃汽蒸30min；5格,80℃热洗）→烘干。 （3）配方： 双氧水 18～20g/L 烧碱 40g/L
氧漂稳定剂ZF-8 6g/L 精练剂ZF-CT 10g/L
compelling.\h the \he flood of scientific enough, before the treatment and water quality improvement after the treatment effect is not obvious, county-wide focus on river still largely inferior five water, swimming the River could not be found. Five is \head. Notice of stock there, new construction did not receive timely treatment every year (such as ancestral hall as unauthorised repeated), contrary to the created work is very different from the provincial and municipal standards. Meanwhile, when implementation is not in place, generally only focus on illegal construction demolished, failing that split that is clear, combined demolition, insufficient attention to reconstruction of old residential areas, urban villages, shanty towns and promote poor. o solve these problems, we must enhance the sense of responsibility and urgency, insist on problem-oriented, to take strong measures, efforts to make up the \e agriculture\on of comprehensive safeguards, \XX beautiful\of realizing. II, and precision Shi policy, and manpower playing good \protracted \e agricultural\do economic social development the work of based, county levels the sector to according to \d agricultural, and and manpower rural, and development farmers\nts, insisted agricultural rural based status not shake, insisted huinong kulak policy not weakened, insisted reform innovation test not stop, efforts created new era \cultural\w situation. (A) to make agriculture more. o establish the concept of agriculture around the people demand, and comprehensively promote the supply side of agriculture structural reform, strive to enhance the quality and efficiency of agriculture and competitiveness. Focus is on doing the four articles. One is the steady increase of grain article. Always tighten the string for food security, \ch in hand, to hold land in the adjustment of agricultural planting structure in the \ne.\he construction of grain ribbons, improving agricultural infrastructure, enhance food production capacity, improve the quality of agricultural products, effectively \of grain\maintain \nce article. Enhance the level of concentration, intensification of agriculture, creating production, processing, distribution, sales and service in one of the agricultural industrial chain, to break down the value chain, improve added value. Pushing forward \net + agricultural\ricultural production, management, and service level, innovating the mode of e-commerce marketing of agricultural products, solve the difficult problem of sales of agricultural products. Agriculture and tourism, education, culture, health, pension and other deep integration, develop leisure, travel living standards, poor farmers in less than complete elimination of 4600 Yuan, 8949, 19008. \sted 2.169 billion yuan, similar counties line the city's first complete the 42 km of sewage pipe network construction, completion rate ranked first in the city, won the provincial rural sewage treatment work better; key pollution sources such as electroplating, papermaking, chemical industry management through verification and acceptance of the municipal government, the County removed Black and odorous River, River waste, beginning of river ecological restoration effects. \demolition illegal area up 2.759 million square meters, completed City issued annual task of 153%, split against area ranking city second; completed \d City issued annual task of 403%, ranking city third, which village in the a target completed total city ranking first; County Government was named city level \nced. These achievements are hard won and should be appreciated. However, we are fully aware, the new period, and work in the countryside and the environment facing higher standards and requirements, provincial party Committee offered to high level build a comprehensive well-off society goal requires \h, dirty environment illegal buildings, into a well-off\Committee also proposes to build into the well-off benchmark goals of the city. Compared with the superior claim, \h Gate of XX beautiful\Nong\nvironment there are a number of weaknesses and gaps, highlighted in the following five aspects: first, agriculture remained \n. \ow; short, value added of the industry chain is low; 123 fusion yield low employee age, low quality. \r, specialized cooperatives throughout the County there were 3,396, but on the scale of too little. \d in production, management, services, decentralized, centralized, standardized, brand, information and organizational level is not high. Second, the countryside is still in \on has not changed. \os\n rural housing construction planning, construction of disorder, no drawings, no construction, no vetting \no\heap lying there. \Bad\eak rural base, village governance is poor. Thirdly, farmers continued to be \stent\ng, rural labor force accounted for 70% over the age of 50. \ctions of property rights, land replacement; public service supply gap, rural education, health care, pensions and other services can not meet the demand still difficult for poverty alleviation, with emphasis on poverty alleviation and 191. \sants, peasants. Four water effects still lacks螯合分散剂ZF-SX 2g/L
（4）半制品质量：退浆率87.8%；去蜡率58%；毛效11.3cm/30min。 例2
（1）生产品种：生产品种：123cm（48.5英寸）,27.8tex（21英支）,42.5根/cm×22.8根/cm,纱卡。
（2）工艺流程及条件：烧毛→双轧槽浸轧打卷（40～50m/min,轧余率120%～130%）→转堆（24h）→高强度水洗（浸轧碱氧液,98℃,短蒸3～5min,皂煮,洗涤剂3g/L,纯碱1g/L）→3格热洗→1格冷洗→烘干。 （3）配方： 双氧水 25g/L 烧碱 50g/L 氧漂稳定剂ZF-8 5g/L 精练剂ZF-CT 10g/L 螯合分散剂 2g/L 过硫酸钾 3g/L（助漂） （4）半制品质量：
退浆率92%；毛效10.6cm/30min；白度81%。
在双氧水冷轧堆前处理工艺的基础上,人们双探索了次氯酸钠冷轧堆前处理工艺,试验结果表明,两者的反应性规律相似,故工艺过程也几乎相同。次氯酸钠冷轧堆工艺,只要将加工液中有效氯的浓度保持在一定的范围内,不必另加烧碱（因为次氯酸钠溶液本身会有相当数量的游离碱,工作液中有效氯浓度提高,烧碱含量也必然相应提高）。
短流程前处理工艺必须掌握的几个关键
一、应正确理解短流程前处理工艺：
短流程前处理工艺是前处理工序的发展方向,经过近几年的努力,短流程工艺已广泛应用于各种织物品种。我们要在已取得成就的基础上,不断扩大短流程工艺的覆盖面。但有一点必须明确,短流程前处理工艺并不是万能的,目前还不能全部取代传统工艺和适应所有品种,更不能片面去追求高效和快速；必须根据品种特点、加工和客户要求,以及最终用途,结合织物组织规格、纤维原料的实际质量,因地因品种制宜,来制定适宜的短流程工艺。 严格掌握双氧水漂白的工艺条件
对双氧水的性质及其漂白机理必须搞清楚,特别是短流程前处理工艺的基本规律和有关机理。在加工时,务必控制好双氧水的反应速率,即在生产过程中通过对各项工艺参数的控制,使两类反应达到最佳平衡点,即在加工时间内使杂质的去除程度达到半制品质量指标,同时又要使纤维素本身的损伤达到半制品强力指标。因此必须合理选择工艺配方,正确制定工艺条件,掌握好烧碱、双氧水和各种助剂的正确用量及合理的工艺参数。 二、短流程前处理工艺的注意事项：
⒈ 处理的织物必须有较高的带液量(轧余率)无论是汽蒸法还是冷轧堆工艺,处理织物有较高的带液量是短流程前处理工艺取得好的效果之主要关键。由于生坯棉织物的拒水性,故工作液中必须添加渗透剂,并确定其合理用量。又因工作液是强碱浴,故还需选用耐碱稳定性好的渗透剂。良好的浸渍、渗透应把织物内部所含空气在最短时间内排除,而工作液仅靠渗透剂尚难以实现,还必须靠机械的浸轧作用。目前应采用提高轧余率,藉最佳的浸轧排除织物内部空气,造成织物内外的压力差,则工作液能很快渗透到织物纤维内部,达到较高的带液率,才能满足短流程工艺的要求。要保证打卷时织物带液量、张力和线速度的前后一致,必须采用中心驱动的打卷方式(中心传动)。
⒉ 在浸轧碱氧液时,其液温不能高于布温,以室温为宜这是很易被人们忽视的一个关键问题。若液温高于布温,则当织物浸入溶液中时,布的空隙中所含的空气将受热膨胀而阻碍工作液的渗入。另外液温低还有助于防止双氧水的分解。
⒊ 采用冷轧堆工艺时,打卷后的堆置温度还需在实践中论证采用冷轧堆工艺时,还应注意的一个关键是打卷后保持室温堆置,还是采用浸轧工作液后布卷堆置温度提高至40～60℃。可作如下分析：碱和双氧水为织物吸附时是放热反应,一般冷堆时织物的温度可自然保持在30℃左右。若采用“加热温堆”工艺,可加快化学反应速率,缩短堆布卷各片段间效果不一致。同时也增加能耗和双氧水分解速率及降低双氧水的利用率。所以还需在实践中进一步论证。
⒋ 工艺条件必须不断优化这又是极易被人们忽视的关键问题。由于短流程工艺所用碱氧量较大,而浓度变化范围较小,如碱量不足,将影响毛效,碱量过高则白度不足,甚至使织物强力下降。因此工艺条件的选择,特别是碱、氧的合理用量显得尤为重要,可采用中心旋转法来优化工艺,它能从最少的试验中得到最大量的信息,根据回归方程的预测值,用微机绘制二维恒值图,可直接寻找最优化区域,但使用的试验仪器和试验条件,必须对所有试验都保持一致。
⒌ 必须强化水洗这是短流程工艺能否取得成功的重要关键,特别是冷轧堆工艺,在冷堆后首先必须经102℃的高温热碱处理,之后还必须经高效强化水洗,应选用高温低水位蛇形逐格倒流的高效水洗设备。
棉机织布一般采用退浆、煮练、漂白三步法的加工工艺,以前偶尔也会采用碱氧一浴法的工艺,但只是对一些T/C等稀薄织物采用碱氧一浴法工艺,普通的织物较少采用。因为过去可选择的助剂很少,碱氧一浴法工艺也是采用煮练、漂白用的助剂,因担心产生破洞,双氧水的用量也不敢加太多,而且还加很多的双氧水稳定剂和螯合分散剂等。在煮漂效果与风险两方面,很难取得平衡。 随着助剂行业的快速发展,针对以上的问题,现在已经有了很好的解决办法。助剂生产企业开发的多效用精练剂就是用于棉机织物碱氧一浴法工艺的,也称为高效短流程退煮漂一步法工艺。当然,有的印染厂也有单独先做酶退浆的,然后用多效用精练剂进行煮漂一浴法加工。
高效短流程退煮漂一步法工艺能否成功,关键在于多效用精练剂。必须选用性能优异的多效用精练剂,该助剂应具备碱剂、渗透剂、精练剂、稳定剂、螯合分散剂等多种助剂的应用性能。
知识改变命运
compelling.\h the \he flood of scientific enough, before the treatment and water quality improvement after the treatment effect is not obvious, county-wide focus on river still largely inferior five water, swimming the River could not be found. Five is \head. Notice of stock there, new construction did not receive timely treatment every year (such as ancestral hall as unauthorised repeated), contrary to the created work is very different from the provincial and municipal standards. Meanwhile, when implementation is not in place, generally only focus on illegal construction demolished, failing that split that is clear, combined demolition, insufficient attention to reconstruction of old residential areas, urban villages, shanty towns and promote poor. o solve these problems, we must enhance the sense of responsibility and urgency, insist on problem-oriented, to take strong measures, efforts to make up the \e agriculture\on of comprehensive safeguards, \XX beautiful\of realizing. II, and precision Shi policy, and manpower playing good \protracted \e agricultural\do economic social development the work of based, county levels the sector to according to \d agricultural, and and manpower rural, and development farmers\nts, insisted agricultural rural based status not shake, insisted huinong kulak policy not weakened, insisted reform innovation test not stop, efforts created new era \cultural\w situation. (A) to make agriculture more. o establish the concept of agriculture around the people demand, and comprehensively promote the supply side of agriculture structural reform, strive to enhance the quality and efficiency of agriculture and competitiveness. Focus is on doing the four articles. One is the steady increase of grain article. Always tighten the string for food security, \ch in hand, to hold land in the adjustment of agricultural planting structure in the \ne.\he construction of grain ribbons, improving agricultural infrastructure, enhance food production capacity, improve the quality of agricultural products, effectively \of grain\n \industry convergence article. Enhance the level of concentration, intensification of agriculture, creating production, processing, distribution, sales and service in one of the agricultural industrial chain, to break down the value chain, improve added value. Pushing forward \net + agricultural\ricultural production, management, and service level, innovating the mode of e-commerce marketing of agricultural products, solve the difficult problem of sales of agricultural products. Agriculture and tourism, education, culture, health, pension and other deep integration, develop leisure, travel
棉制品短流程前处理工艺.doc
