非谓语动词
一、动词不定式的用法（重点）
1、 结构及特征：动词不定式的基本形式是“to + 动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有
人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可以担任除谓语外的任何成分——主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语，所以我们又称之为非谓语形式。动词不定式仍保留动词的特点，即它可以有自己的宾语和状语。
不定式的语态
主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing
不定式时态
一般时态 I hope to see you again. (有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后)
完成 I am sorry to have made so many mistakes.(动作发生在谓语动词表示的动词前)
进行 He seems to be eating something.(表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生)
2、动词不定式的用法：动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。 1） 作主语
例如：To learn English well is not easy. 或 It is not easy to learn English well.
[说明]动词不定式作主语时，往往用it作形式主语，这种句型可归纳为下面的句型： It is + adj.+ for sb. to do sth. 当形容词表示事物的特征，特点或客观形式，常见的形容词有easy, hard, interesting
It is hard for him to study two languages.
It is + adj + of sb to do sth 形容词表示性格，品德或表示主观感情 good nice kind clever
It is very nice of you to help me.
2）作表语 My wish is to become a teacher. be动词之后，形成表语，常用来表示预定要发生的动
作，也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设
3）作宾语 只可用不定式作宾语的动词 ask hope help promise learn Do you hope to go fishing with me?
既可接不定式也可以接动名词 remember forget like need stop try start begin permit love/ go on /
I stop to run. 我停下来开始跑 I stop running. 我停下来不跑了。
it 作形式宾语 Do you think it better to say it in this way? 4）作宾语补足语 1) 不定式作宾补 ask teach allow invite tell want prefer order get feel hear think see
expect encourage
The teacher told him not to be late next time. 2)使役动词省略to let make have
She had the students work out the problem. 3) Could you help me (to) close the window? 5）作定语 I have a lot of work to do. 表示未发生的动作 Can you bring me a chair to sit?
He needs someone to help him with his work.
6）作状语 He stopped to have a look.
[说明] 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to + 动词原形构成
例如：He asked me not to make such a mistake. 3、不定式的否定形式： Tell him not to shut the window…
4、动词不定式与疑问词连用：疑问词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how,
why等后面可以按动词不定式，构成动词不定式短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。 例如：(1) He doesn’t know how to use the machine. (不定式作宾语) (2) How to use the machine is a question. (不定式作主语) (3) The question is when to go there. (不定式作表语) 5、省to 的动词不定式
1）使役动词 let, have, make：
2）感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。 注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
A. I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. B. The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night.
3）would rather，had better + do , would you please, rather than
【难点】
6、不定式的特殊句型：
1）too…to…：太…而不能…
so/such +adj/adv +as to +v (表结果)
His father was so angry as to be unable to speak. He is too excited to speak. 2）enough to do：足以做 …
The child is old enough to go to schooll.
3）Why not +动词原形\表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：\为什么不……?\ Why not take a holiday?
4）so as (not) to do: in order to do only to do to do （表示目的） David came to China to study Chinese.
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
5)用作介词的“to”：look forward to 渴望; pay attention to 注意; devote oneself to 献身于；be/get used to 习惯等等。
动名词的用法 二、动词的-ing形式：
形式 主动式 被动式 一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
一般时态 Do you mind my smoking here? (动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后或者两个动作同时发生)
完成时态 I regret not having studied hard.(动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前) 2. 在下面两种句型中，只能用动名词
There + be + no + 动名词
There is no getting along with him. It is +no use/good/ fun/nice + 动名词
It is no use learning English without speaking. 3.只可以接动名词的动词或者动词短语
dislike admit enjoy deny mind miss risk finish avoid consider excuse
suggest practice be worth keep on can not help give up put off leave off lead to
3．比较：
1）共同点：动词不定式结构和动词的-ing形式都被称之为非谓语结构，因此它们一般都可以放在句中除了谓语之外的其他位置。 2）区别
①动词不定式的基本含义是表示谓语动词后面的动作还未发生，此外，若谓语动词后面的动作发生过了也用不定式，而-ing分词的基本含义一般则表示动作正在发生或进行。 ②动名词的基本用法是该结构用在及物动词或介词之后构成动宾短语或介宾短语。 3）接不定式或动名词，意义相同：
begin to do begin doing start to do start doing
continue to do continue doing 4）动名词与不定式语义不同 ：
A. stop to do stop doing
B. forget to do forget doing
C. remember to do remember doing D. try to do try doing
E. go on to do go on doing F. be afraid to do be afraid doing
分词的用法
1.现在分词(doing/having done)和过去分词（done） 2.现在分词的用法
1．用作谓语的一部分，和助动词一起构成进行时态 What are you doing now? 2. 作定语 1）所修饰名词正在进行的动作 The boy standing here is one of my classmates. 2)所修饰名词的特征和性质 Do no read in a moving car. 3. 作表语，表示主语的特征和性质 The story is interesting. 4. 作宾语补足语（see watch notice hear find get keep 等） We heard her singing in her room. 3.过去分词的用法
过去分词一般表示完成的或者被动的动作
1. 用作谓语的一部分，和助动词一起构成完成时态或者被动语态 We have been friends for many years. His leg was broken in an accident.
2.作定语 There is a broken cup on the table.
This is one of the factories built in the 1960s.
过去分词作定语时放在名词前，过去分词短语作定语时放在名词后面 3.作表语 The cup is broken.
4.作宾语补足语 I must have my bike repaired.
注意，现在分词与动名词，形态上完全相同，动词加上ing 但是两者有一个本质的区别，现在分词起形容词和副词的作用，而动名词起名词的作用。 The dancing boy is me. I enjoy dancing.
三、【考点诠释】
1、考查非谓语动词用作主语
不定式或动名词用作主语，而分词不能担任句子中的主语。 【考例】It's very nice pictures for me. [天津] A. of you to draw B. for you to draw C. for you drawing D. of you drawing
[答案]：A。[解析]考查It's+形容词+of/for sb. +to do sth.句中it为形式主语，to do是真正的主语，当形容词是表示品质意思时，应该用of sb．，其他形容词用for sb．，故此题答案为A。 2、考查非谓语动词用作宾语
【考例】一It's a bit cold Would you mind my ______all the windows? 一Do as you like，please．[07淄博市] A．close B will close C．closing D．to close [答案]C [解析]动词mind意为“介意”，后跟动词时，应使用ing形式。 Mary and I enjoy ____________ badminton[07黔岭东南州] A．to play B playing C．played
[答案]B[解析] enjoy后跟动词的ing形式作宾语，即：enjoy doing something，意为“喜欢(做)某事”。 --So hot in the classroom．Would you mind ___the windows? ——0K．I'll do it right now．[黄冈市] A． not closing B not opening C closing D．opening [答案]D[解析] mind是中考的重点考查词汇，其后跟v—ing表示“介意……”。 ---Mr. Wang，I have trouble _______the text． 一Remember ____it three times at least．[威海市] A．to understand；reading B understanding；reading C understanding；to read D．to understand；to read at night． [答案]C [解析]have trouble doing something意为“做某事有困难”，所以答案在B与C中。remember to do something意为“记得(去)做某事”，remember doing something意为“记得做过某事”，由对话的语境可知，前者正确。
--How are you feeling here?
--It's quite hot. I don't know to go or stay. [武汉] A. how B. when C. whether D. where
[答案]：C。[解析]考查“疑问词+动词不定式”的用法。根据句意“我不知道是走还是留下来。”故选C。 Many people think it's very important us learn English well. [贵阳] A. for, to B. to, to C. with, for [答案]：A。[解析]考查“主语+feel/think/ make/ find +it +adj. +for sb. +to do sth.句中it为形式宾语，to do是真正的宾语，”故此题答案为A。
The menu has so many good things! I can’t decide__________.[河北] A. what to eat B. how to eat C. where to eat D. when to eat [答案]：A 。[解析] 考查“疑问词+动词不定式”的用法。根据句意“我不能决定吃什么。”故选A。 12．---My dad bought me a new MP4, but I don’t know ______________. ---Let’s read the instructions.[河南课改试验区] A. what to use B. which one to use C. how to use it D. when to use it [答案]：C。 [解析] 考查“疑问词+动词不定式”的用法。根据句意“我不知道如何使用。”故选C。 13．It took my daughter two weeks ________the novels _______by Yand Hongying.[潍坊] A. read; written B. to read; written C. reading; to write D. to read; wrote
[答案]：B。[解析] It takes +sb．+some time +to do sth．表示花费多长时间做某事，novel与write的关系是动宾关系，应用过去分词，表示被动。故答案为B。 Drivers are warned ________when they are tired.[佛山] A. to drive B. not drive C. not to drive
[答案]：C。[解析]考查动词不定式的否定结构。否定形式是在to前面加not。故选C。 If you want to know _______the mobile phone, you’d better read the instructions first.[大连] A. how to use B. how to make C. where to mend D. where to buy
[答案]：A。[解析] 考查“疑问词+动词不定式”的用法。根据句意“如果你想要知道如何使用手机的话，你最好先看一看说明书。”故选A。
China will spend about 52 billion yuan ____new airports and __old ones in the west of China in the 11th Five-Year Plan period(时期)．[07临沂市]
A．repairing; building B to build；repair C．building；repairing D．to repair；build [答案]C[解析]本题主要是考查动词spend的用法。spend．．．doing something意为“花费……做某事”，由此可排除B、D两项。再从句意上看，应是“修建”新机场，“维修”旧机场。 3． students should pay attention to ___________the teacher in class．[07泰州市] A．hear B1istento C listening to D hearing of [答案]C[解析]本题考查了介词后跟动词的情况。 pay attention to意为“注意”，其中to是介词，所以后面的动词应使用动名词形式。hear of意为“听说”，与句意不符。 3、考查非谓语动词用作宾语补足语
原则上，所有的非谓语动词形式均可用作宾语补足语，其区别是：不定式表未来，现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成和被动。
【考例】Alice asked me another bag for her. [北京市课标卷] A. get B. got C. to get D. getting
[答案]：C。[解析] ask sb．to do sth．表示让某人做某事，此句话的意思为:“爱丽丝叫我给她再带一个包。”
Our parents often tell us not alone in the river in summer. [长沙] A. swim B. to swim C. swimming
[答案]：B。[解析]考查动词不定式作宾语补足语的用法。tell sb．to do sth．表示告诉某人做某事，tell后边要加不定式，否定形式是在to前面加not，根据题意，应选B。 ---What did your sister say to you last night?
---She asked me _________my father her secret.[绍兴] A. to tell not B. not to tell C. don’t tell D. not tell
[答案]：B。[解析] tell sb．to do sth．表示告诉某人做某事，tell后边要加不定式，否定形式是在to前面加not，根据题意，应选B。
Betty is often seen _______the old man with his housework.[咸宁] A. help B. to help C. helped D. helps [答案]：B。[解析]考查感官动词后接动词不定式的用法。在make, let, have等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, listen to，look at，feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动词不定式不带to。当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语补语，作主语补语的不定式必须加to。故选B。
Time goes by so fast. We must never miss the chance to show love for our parents and make them __________ how much they mean to us. [哈尔滨]
A. to know B. knowing C. know
[答案]：C。[解析]考查动词不定式作宾语补足语的用法。make sb. do sth. 表示“使某人……”，故选C。 ---How do you feel when you see the national flag of China? ---It makes us ________proud.[包头] A. feel B. to feel C. felt D. feeling [答案]：A。[解析] 考查感官动词后接动词不定式的用法。在make, let, have等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, listen to，look at，feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动词不定式不带to。故选A。 4、考查非谓语动词用作定语
【考例】—Shopping with me? —Sorry. I have a lot of clothes . （2004江西省南昌） A．to wash B．washed C．wash D．to be washed [答案]: A
[命题立意]：本题考查动词不定式作定语的用法。
[试题解析]：作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语是句中主语或宾语时，就用主动式的不定式来表被动意义。故选A。
5、考查非谓语动词用作状语
（完整word版）初中英语非谓语动词的用法
