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新编简明英语语言学-Chapter-8-Language-and-society

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新编简明英语语言学-Chapter-8-Language-and-society

Chapter 8 Language and society语言和社会

知识点: 1. *Definition: dialect; Pronunciation

2. Relatedness between language and society 3. *Varieties of language 4. *Halliday’s register theory 5. Degree of formality 6. Standard Dialect 7. # Pidgin and Creole 8. *#Bilingualism vs. diglossia 考核目标:

识记:*Definition: sociolinguistics; regional dialect;

sociolect;

idiolect;

Received

Pronunciation

领会:Relatedness between language and society; Varieties of language; Degree of formality; Degree of formality; Standard Dialect; Pidgin and Creole

简单应用:Bilingualism vs. diglossia

sociolinguistics;

idiolect;

regional Received

sociolect;

综合应用:Halliday’s register theory

一、定义

1.Sociolinguistics 社会语言学: is s the sub-field of linguistics that studies relation between language and society, between the ues of language and the social structures in which the users of lamguage live.

社会语言学是语言

学中的一个次领域,它研究语言与社会的关系,以及语言的运用和语言使用者所在的社会结构之间的关系。

2.regional dialect地域方言:is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.

地域方言是指生活在同一地理区

域的人所使用的语言变体。

3.sociolect社会方言:has to do with separation brough about by different social comditions.

社会方言是与由不同社会条件所造成的

分离相关的。

4.idiolect个人方言:is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.

个人方言

是个体言者的个人方言,它结合了又关地域、社会、性别和年龄的变体成分。

5.received pronunciation(RP)标准发音: in British English, which had become characteristic of upper class speech throughout the country by the 19th century.

在十九世纪成为全国上层阶级的特点。

二、知识点

8.1 the scope of sociolinguistics社会与语言学的范畴

8.1.1 the relatedness between language and society语言和社会的相关性

There are many indications of the inter-relationshio between language and society.语言和社会之间的相互关系有许多种表现形式:

1)One of them is that while language is principally used to communicate meaning ,it’s also used to establish and maintain social relationships.语言主要用来传达意义的同时,也用来确立和保持社会关系。

(e.g.“Good

morning! Hi! Hows your family? Nice day today,isn’t it?这些话语的运用之中”)

2)User of the same language in a sense all speak differently. Language,escipally the streucture of its lexicon, reflect both the physical and the social environments of a society.同一语言的使用者说话的方式都不尽相同。语言,尤其是他的词汇结构,反映了社会的物质和社会环境。

(e.g.英语中只有一个词表

示s“now”,但爱斯基摩人生活在多学的环境中需要对不同类型的雪作出区分的反映。)

3)As a social phenomenon, language is closely related to the structure of the socienty in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic from ia entirely social.作为一种社会现象,预言师与其所在的社会结构紧密相关的,对于语言形式的评价也完全是社会性的。

(所有的语言形式和口音,重

要能完成期望中的发音那就是好的,e.g.英格兰英语发音与纽约英语发音不同。)

8.1.2speech community and speech variety言语社区和言语变体

1.speech community言语社区:a group of people who have the opportunity to interact with each other and who share not just a single language with its related varieties but also attitudes towards linguistic norms. 言语社区可以定义为一群实际上有机会彼此交往。不仅共有一门语言及其相关变体,而且还对语言标准有共同看法的一群人。(一个群体可以从教育背景,职业,性别,年龄或其成员的种族关系来与其社区的其他群体区分开来。)

2.speech variety(language variety)言语变体:refers to any

distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.言语变体,又称之为语言变体,是由一位言者或一群言者所使用的任何具有区别性的言语形式。

(这些不同的特征主要反映在发音、

句法规则或词汇上。言语变体作为一种中性词语可以指标准语(standard language)、方言(dialect)、洋径浜语(pidgin)、克里奥尔语(creole)等, 可以指同一语言的地域性或民族性变体, 如英语中的澳大利亚英语、黑人英语等, 也可以指同属一种语言的功能性言语变体,如法律语体等。 )

社会语言学家尤其是对regional dialects地域变体(又称地域方言)、sociolects社会变体(又称社会方言)和registers功能变体(又称语域)感兴趣。言语变体无论其具有何种社会属性, 在社会语言学家看来它们之间没有高低之分、优劣之别,因为它们都是体系的。

8.1.3 Two approaches to sociolinguistics studies社会语言学研究的两种方法

1.macro-sociolinguistics(sociology of language)宏观社会语言学(语言社会学): we can look at society as a whole and consider how language functions in it and how it reflects the social differentiations,i.e. a bird’s eye view of the language used in society.我们可以将社会看作一个整体,考察语言是如何在其中运用的,以及它是如何反映社会差异的,即对社会中所使用的语言的一个总观。

2.micro-sociolinguistics(sociolinguistics proper)微观社会语言学(严格意义的社会语言学):look at society from the point of view of an individual menber within it, or a worm’s eye view of language in use.

8.2 varieties of language语言变体

一门语言的语言变体是该语言的一般概念的实际体现。

Dialects方言:varieties related to to the user.与使用者相关的变体。 Registers 语域:varieties related to to use.与用途相关的变体。

8.2.1 Dialectal varieties方言变体

新编简明英语语言学-Chapter-8-Language-and-society

新编简明英语语言学-Chapter-8-Language-and-societyChapter8Languageandsociety语言和社会知识点:1.*Definition:dialect;Pronunciation2.Relatednessbetweenlanguage
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