英文介绍中医

Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM, simplified Chinese: 中医; traditional Chinese: 中医; pinyin: zhōngyī) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. It is considered a Complementary or Alternative Medical system in much of the western world while remaining as a form of primary care throughout most of Asia.

TCM practices include treatments such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, Tui na and Shiatsu massage; often Qigong and Taiji are also strongly affiliated with TCM.

TCM theory is extremely complex and originated thousands of years ago through meticulous observation of nature, the cosmos, and the human body. Major theories include those of Yin-yang, the Five Phases, the human body Channel system, Zang Fu organ theory, six confirmations, four layers, etc.

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RADITIONAL- CHINESE MEDICINE WITH A LONG HISTORY

历史悠久的中国传统医学

Traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM) has a history of several years. Its origin 中医有着几千年的历史, can be traced back to remote antiquity.In 起源可追溯至远古时代。在长期与a long course of struggling against 疾病的斗争中，中医演化并形成了diseases, TCM evolved into a unique and 一套独特且完整的理论体系。2000integrated theoretical systcm of TCM. It 多年前出现的《黄帝内经》是中国is an important part of Chinese culture. 现存的最早医著。它由《素问》和More than 2,000 years ago, came out 《灵枢》两部分组成。每部分包含Huangdi's Classic on Medicine( Huang Di 9卷，每卷又有9章，总计162章。Nei jing ), which is the earliest medical 该书对人和自然的关系、人体的生classic extant in China. It consists of 理及病理、疾病的预防和诊治等方two parts—Basic Questions ( Su Wen ) and 面进行了系统全面的说明。同时它Miraculous Pivot( Ling Shu ), each 运用阴阳和五行理论全面阐述了comprising） nine volumes, each of which, 因时、因地、因人而异辩证论治的in turn, contains nine chapters, totaling 原则并且表达了整体观念的思想up to 162 chapters.The book gives a 即把人体看作一个整体，把人与其complete and systematic exposition to the 周围的环境看作一个整体。这为中following various subjects : the 医理论的形成奠定了初步的基础。relationship between man and nature, the 继《黄帝内经》之后，东汉时期之physiology and pathology of the human 前出现了《难经》。该书涉及了中body, and the diagnosis, treatment and 医的基础理论如生理、病理和疾病prevention ot diseases. It also uses the 的诊治等。它补充了《黄帝内经》theories of yin-yang and the five 的不足。自此许多不同的学派及经elements to deal fully with the 典著作相继出现，各抒己见。 principles of treatment by

differentiation of syndromes (TDS) according to the climatic and seasonal conditions, geographical localities and individual constitution. Hence（ giving expression） to the holistic concept of taking the human body as an organic whole and taking the human body with the surrounding environment as the integrity. It laid a preliminary

foundation for the theoretical formation of TCM. After Huangdi's Classic on Medicine another classic of medicine, Classic on Medical Problems ( Nan Jing ), was given birth to the world before the Eastern Han Dynasty. The book deals mainly with the basic theory of TCM, such as physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and so on. It supplemented what Huangdi's Classic on Medicine lacked. From then on, many medical schools and various classics on medicine were brought into being in succession, each having its own strong points.

Shen Nong's Herbal ( Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing ), also known as Classic on the Herbal (Ben Cao Jing ) or The Herbal ( Ben Cao ), is the earliest book on materia medica in China, which appeared in about

《神农本草》（亦称“本草经”

the Qin-Han Period with its authorship

或“本草”）是中国最早的药物学

unknown. Not only does it list 365

专著。它出现于秦汉时期，作者不

medicinal item —among which 252 are

祥。它不仅罗列了365种药物（其

herbs, 67 are animals, and 46 are

中草药252种，动物类药67种，矿

minerals, but also divides them into

物类药46种）而且依药物性质及功

three grades according to their different

效的不同将其分为三个等级。同时，

properties and effects. The book also

该书简述了方剂的基本原则（君、

gives a brief account of pharmacological

臣、佐、使）和七情与药物的四气

theories—principal (jun ), adjuvant

五味相和的原则。

(chen ), assistant ( zuo ) and guide (shi ); harmony in seven emotions ( qi qing he he ), four properties of medicinal herbs ( si qi ) and five tastes of medicinal herbs ( wu wei ). In the Han Dynasty (3rd century 汉朝（公元前3世纪）的张

AD ), Zhang Zhongjing, an outstanding 仲景是一位著名的医家，著有《伤physician, wrote Treatise on Febrile and 寒杂病论》。该书被后人分为两部Miscellaneous Diseases ( Shang Han Za 分，名为《伤寒论》和《金匱要略》。Bing Lun ), which is divided into two 该书建立了辩证论治的原则及技术books by later generations, one is 数据系统，因此，为临床医学的发entitled \Treatise onFebrile Diseases\展奠定了基础。 ( Shang Han Lun ) , the other Synopsis of Prescriptions of Golden Cabinet (Jin Kui Yao Lue ) . The book established the pnriciple of TDS（Treatment of Differentiation Syndromes；Technical Data System 技术数据系统）, thereby laying a foundation for the development

of clinical medicine. In the Western Jin Dynasty. Huang Fumi, a famous physician, compiled A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

西金时期的著名医家皇浦

(Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing ) The book consists

谧编辑的《针灸甲乙经》由12卷

of 12 volumes with 128 chapters,

128章组成，包括349个穴位。它

including 349 acupoints. It is the

是现存最早的针灸学专著，也是针

earliest extant work dealing exclusively

灸史上最具影响力的著作之一。

with acupuncture and moxibustion and one of the most influential works in the history of acupuncture and moxibustion.

The Sui and Tang Dynasties came

into their own in feudal economy and 隋唐时期形成了自己封建culture. In 610 AD, Chao Yuanfan et al. 的经济文化制度。公元前610年，compiled General Treatise on the Etiology 巢元方编辑的《诸病源候论》对各and Symptomology. The book gave an 种不同疾病的病因及症状进行了广extensive and minute description of the 泛而详细的描述。它是现存最早的

etiology and symptoms of various 病因及症状学著作。公元前657年，diseases. It is the earliest extant 苏敬和其他20名医家学者编辑了classic on etiology and symptoms in 《新修本草》。它是中国古代官方China. In 657 AD, Su Jing together with 正式发起编辑的药典，也是世界上

20 other scholars, compiled 最早的药学著作。孙思邈（公元前Newly-Revised Materia Medica ( Xin Xiu 581－682年）倾其一生精力撰写了

Ben Cao ) , which is the first 两部著作，分别是《备急千金药方》pharmacopoeia sponsored officially in 和《千金翼方》.书中涉及了医理总ancient China, and the earliest 论、中药、妇产科、儿科、针灸、pharmacopoeia in the world as well. Sun 方药饮食及养生等医学的不同分Simiao (581-682 AD) devoted all his life 支。两本著作都是唐代医学的代表to writing out the two books: Valuable 作。孙思邈因此被后世誉为“方药Prescriptions for Emergencies (Bei Ji 之祖”。 Qian Jin Yao Fang ) and Supplement to

Valuable Prescriptions ( Qian Jin Yi Fang) . The hooks deal with general medical theory, materia medica, gynecology and obstetrics, pediatrics, acupuncture and moxibustion, diet, health preservationand prescriptions for various branches of medicine. Both books are recognized as representative works of medicine in the Tang Dynasty. Sun Simiao was honored by later generations as \

king of herbal medicine\

In the Song Dynasty, more attention was paid to the education of TCM . The goverment set up\the Imperial

宋朝更注重的是中医教育。

Medical Bureau\for training and bringing

政府兴办了太医局训练和培养合格

up qualified TCM workers. In 1057 AD, a

的中医师。公元前1057年，一个特

special organ named \Bureau for Revising

殊的组织－校正医书局成立了，其

Meidical Books\

目的是为了对从前的医书进行校正

proofread and correct the medical books

并一一印刷出版。被修改过的医书

from preceding ages, and to publish them

流传至今并仍是现今中国和全世界

one after another. The books revised have

学习中医的重要经典著作。

been handed down till now and are still the important classics for China and

other countries to study TCM. In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, 金元时期出现了四个医学there appeared four medical schools 学派代表人物分别为：刘完素（公represented by Liu Wansu ( 1120-1200 AD ), 元前1120－1200）、张从正（公元Zhang Congzheng ( 1156-1228 AD), Li Gao 前1156－1228）、李杲（公元前1180

( l180-1251 AD) and Zhu Zhenheng －1251）、朱震亨（公元前1281－( 1281-1358 AD). Among them, Liu Wansu 1358）。他们中，刘完素认为火热believed that \是导致各种疾病的病因，治疗疾病main causes of a variety of diseases, and 应选择性质寒凉的药，因此被后世that the diseases should be treated with 称为“寒凉派”。张从正认为外邪drugs cold and cool in nature. So he was 侵犯人体是疾病的原因，提倡用known as \school of cold and cool\by “汗、吐、下”等法驱邪外出，所later generations, Zhang Congzheng 以被称为“攻邪派”。第三个学派believed that all diseases were caused by 以李杲为代表主张“脾胃内伤，百exogenous pathogenic factors invading 病由生”。因此强调临床中最重要the body, and advocated that pathogenic 的应为温养脾胃。因为脾在五行中factors should be driven out by methods 属土，故其被称为“补土派”的奠of diaphoresis, emesis and purgation. So 基人。第四个学派为朱震亨发起的he was known as the \of purgation\“滋阴派”。他认为“阳常有余，The third school represented by Li Gao 阴常不足。”因此在临床上常用held that \“滋阴泻火”的方法。

spleen and stomach will bring about various diseases\emphasizeed that the most important thing, clinically, should be to warm and invigorate thespleen and stomach because the spleen is attributed to the earth in the five elements. So he was regarded as the founder of the \of reinforcing the earth\known as the \by founded Zhu Zhenheng. He believed: \redundant, while yin is ever deficient\\yin\nourish yin and purge fire in clinical

practice.

Li Shizhen (1518-1593 AD), a famous physician and pharmacologist in the Ming Dynasty, wrote The Compendium of

Materia Medica ( Ben Cao Gang Mu ). The 李时珍（公元前1518－book consists of 52 volumes with 1,892 1593年）是汉朝著名的内科医生及medicinal herbs, including over 10,000 药师，撰写了《本草纲目》。该书prescriptions and 1,000 illustrations of 共有52卷，记载了1892种药，10000medicinal items. In addition, his book 首方剂和1000条医理注释。另外该also deals with botany, zoology, 书还涉及了植物学、动物学、地质mineralogy, physics, astronomy, 学、 药理学、天文学、气象学等学meteorology, etc. It is really a 科，是一部真正的药物学不朽著作。monumental work in Materia Medica. It is 它对中国乃至全世界药学的发展作a great contribution to the development 出了巨大的贡献。在同一时期，针of pharmacology both in China and all over 灸也达到了发展的高潮，许多历代the world. During the same period, 的涉及针灸的文化得到了总结和发acupuncture and moxibustion reached 展。 their climax. Many literature concerning acupuncture and moxibustion for the ages

were summarized and developed. Since the founding of New China, our 自从新中国成立以后，我国government has paid great attention to 政府对继承和发扬中医药遗产予以inheriting and developing the heritage of 了高度的重视，制定了一系列利于TCM and Materia Medica. A series of 中医药发展的方针政策和措施。policies and measures have been taken for 1986年，国家中医药管理局成立developing TCM. In 1986, the State 了，它成为保证中医药顺利发展的Administrative Bureau of TCM and Materia 领导主体。中医药从来没有象今天Medica was established. This leading body 这样繁荣过。在历经了时代的变迁