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文体学复习
1、
Style: Manners indicating prominent linguistic features, devices
or patterns, most (or least) frequently occur in a particular text of a particular variety of language. (有许多种，此为in this book, general, linguistic-oriented), P5
2、
Stylistics: is a branch of linguistics which studies in a
scientific and systematic way concerning the manners/linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels.
?Literary stylistics: concentrates solely on unique and overall
linguistic features of the various genres of literature. （考点）★ ★
The development of stylistics The scope of study
Three crucial aspects of speech:
① Substances [sounds and symbols]; ② Form; ③Situation 3、
Stylistic analysis: is generally concerned with the uniqueness
of a text (what is peculiar to the use of language in a given text for delivering the message). This naturally involves comparisons of the language of the text with that used in conventional types of discourse. Stylisticians may also wish to characterize the style of a given text by systematically comparing the language uses in that text with those in another. Thus, we may conclude that stylistic analysis is an activity which is highly comparative in nature.
Practice 5. Analyze the following text. Policeman: What’s your name, boy?
Black psychiatrist: Dr. Poussiant. I’m a physician. Policeman: What’s your first name, boy? Black psychiatrist: Alvin.
?The word ‘boy’ may be used to address a male inferior. In above
conversation, the form is used to address a physician, who is usually accorded high respect in the US and is addressed as ‘Dr. So-and-so’ (Title + Surname). Insistently using the form ‘boy’, the white policeman shows his racist contempt of and prejudice against the black people.
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4、
Linguistic description: refers to the exploration and
classification of linguistic features of a given text.★
每个category下面的各个分类
(1) The Phonology Category: Phonology here is used to refer to the
system of speech sounds in a language.
(2) The Lexical Category: Lexis is used here to refer to the choice
of words.
(3) The Syntactic/Grammatical /Category: Syntax is used here to
refer to rules for ordering and connecting words into sentences.
(4) Semantic Category: Semantics is used here to refer to the meaning
of words, expressions, etc. and by what means the meaning is conveyed from the addresser to the addressee.
Procedure of linguistic description
1) Work systematically through the text and note down points we feel of some stylistic significance respectively under the various headings. 2) Quantify the frequency of a linguistic feature. 3) Assess the importance of stylistic features.
4) Make statements about the overall linguistic picture of the text in question, bringing together diverse features to show how they form a coherent, integrated pattern, and making judgments about or interpreting the significance of such patterns in relation to the context of the text as a whole.
5、（1）Text: A text is any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length,
that forms a unified whole. A text is then a semantic unit, a unit not only of form, but also of meaning. A text is realized by a sequence of language units, whether they are sentences or not.
Cohesive devices:
Implicit connectivity Explicit connectivity
1) Transitional words/phrases 2) Grammatical device
①Ellipsis ②Substitution ③Coreference 3) Lexical reiteration
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材料Examine the following conversation, find out whether linguistic units in it are overtly cohesive or not. A: See who that is. B: I’m in pyjamas. A: OK.
? Linguistic units in the conversation are not overtly cohesive. In this text, the relevance of B’s remark to A’s first remark is conveyed by pragmatic implication. “I’m in pyjamas” implies an excuse for not complying with A’s command (= “No, I can’t, because I’m in pyjamas.”) A’s second remark implies that he accepts B’s excuse and undertakes to do himself what he originally asked B to do (= OK. I’ll go myself and see.” Texts are therefore recognized as appropriately coherent in actual use. A full understanding of a text is often impossible without reference to the context in which it occurs.
（2）Context: Context refers to all elements of a communicative
situation. (One is “linguistic context”, referring to the linguistic units preceding and/or following a particular linguistic unit in a text. The other is “extra-linguistic context” or “context of situation”, referring to the relevant features of the situation in which a text has meaning. )
Contextual factors:★
①Field of discourse(语场)：the institutional setting, private or
public, in which a piece of language occurs, embracing not only the subject matter in hand(正在进行中的主要的事情), but the whole activity of the speaker or participant in a setting, which corresponds to Halliday’s “ideational function” of language.
②Tenor(语旨)：The participants, their education, social status, the
role-relationship between the addresser and the addressee; the degree of intimacy; the degree of social distance. (It’s concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener, their relative status, their attitude, and their role relations.)
③Mode(语式)：the medium of communication——the graphic signs [visual]
or sound waves [auditory] by means of which a message is conveyed from one person to anther; Channel; channel limitation; other detailed choices, the functions of language in the particular situation.
?Practice 4. Analyze the following conversation
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